Muhammad Waseem,Zhenzhi Lin,Yi Ding,Fushuan Wen,Shengyuan Liu,Ivo Palu[1]（2021）在《Technologies and Practical Implementations of Air-conditioner Based Demand Response》文中进行了进一步梳理Nowadays, the most notable uncertainty for an electricity utility lies in the electrical demand of end-users. Demand response（DR） has acquired considerable attention due to uncertain generation outputs from intermittent renewable energy sources and advancements of smart grid technologies. The percentage of the air-conditioner（AC） load over the total load demand in a building is usually very high. Therefore, controlling the power demand of ACs is one of significant measures for implementing DR. In this paper, the increasing development of ACs, and their impacts on power demand are firstly introduced, with an overview of possible DR programs. Then, a comprehensive review and discussion on control techniques and DR programs for ACs to manage electricity utilization in residential and commercial energy sectors are carried out. Next, comparative analysis among various programs and projects utilized in different countries for optimizing electricity consumption by ACs is presented. Finally, the conclusions along with future recommendations and challenges for optimal employment of ACs are presented in the perspective of power systems.
Orachorn Saechang[2]（2021）在《泰国卫生体系改革对初级卫生服务体系治理和绩效的影响》文中研究说明The governance and efficacy of the healthcare sector are paramount because they relate to human well-being and contribute to economic and social development.Effective primary health care system has been globally recognized as a foundation for strengthening the health system.However,the literature assessing the impact of health system reform on governance and performance of primary health care system remains scarce.Thailand is one of the few developing countries to achieve Universal Health Coverage in 2002.Although many lessons have been drawn from Thai practices to other developing countries,most literature has been focused on health financing equity while less attention is paid to how the system was governed and delivered its services.More importantly,the governance of the primary health care system after the reform and its potential impacts on the performance of the health system required further research.This study aims to answer the question of how health system reform affects the governance and performance of the primary health care system through the primary health care governance mechanisms of leadership and political commitment,policy guidelines,funding and resource allocation,and community engagement.Specifically,the governance of the primary health care system in aspects of structure and service delivery process is observed,which ultimately affects the performance of the primary health care system in terms of efficiency of resources allocation,equity to access,and resilience in times of public health crisis.To answer these questions,a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative analysis is employed.This study takes a case study of a primary health care network at the district level to showcase the impact of health system reform on the structure and service delivery of the health system through the governance mechanisms.It conducts approximately 60-90 minutes of in-depth and focus-group interviews with healthcare bureaucrats and managers of the Contracting Unit for Primary Care A during February and March 2020.To assess the performance of the primary health care system,secondary databases and a first-hand questionnaire survey were used.The international databases,governmental databases,and national surveys were used to assess the efficiency of resource allocation and the equity to access while the primary data was collected to timely evaluate the resilience of the health system during the early phase of COVID-19.The study has four important findings.Firstly,health system reform has both positive and negative impacts on the governance of the primary health care system in terms of the structure and service delivery process which ultimately leads to the varied performance of the health system through the mixed degree employment of four governance mechanisms.Secondly,despite scarce,the budget and resource allocation of the primary health care system is quite efficient in delivering corresponding healthcare services but not in regarding to health outcomes.Thirdly,the empirical evidence suggests that the effect of health system reform on the equity of access has been improved but yet insufficient,as the probability of a person experiencing the unmet outpatient care is strongly associated with age and region.However,as compared to the elderly,only the minor group has the probability to experience the unmet outpatient care where the probability has been reduced by83%,while,unexpectedly,the probability of the richer regions to experience the unmet outpatient care,as compared to the poorer regions,has been increased by 2 times.Finally,professional trust has a dual effect in facilitating policy compliance to promote legitimate institutions and build the resilience health system in times of public health crisis.Professional trust has a direct effect on policy compliance and fully mediates the relationship between public trust in government and policy compliance as the effect of trust in government on policy compliance becomes insignificant,namely from（β = 0.133,p < 0.01）to（β = 0.015,p > 0.05）.Meanwhile,the health system reform and the enhanced core functions of the primary health care system have also contributed to the prevention and containment of the pandemic during its early phase.Based on these findings,the study proposes four policy recommendations and lessons learned for other countries.The findings from this study contribute to the knowledge of the governance and performance assessment of the primary health care system in two ways.It points out that health system reform did have an impact on the way the primary health care system was structured and delivered its services which ultimately lead to the varied performance of the system through four strategic mechanisms.The study also assesses the performance of the primary health care system in terms of the efficiency of resource allocation,equity to access,and resilience of the health system in times of public health crisis.However,since the primary health care system is huge and complex,further research is encouraged to continually observe the impact of health system reform on its governance and performance from a different perspective and research methodology.
Kassim E. Smith[3]（2021）在《研究基于快速公交（BRT）和面向公交的开发（TOD）实施公交系统的可行性 ——以安提瓜岛圣约翰市为例》文中指出
Diba Berhanu Asefa[4]（2021）在《2010到2020年间埃塞俄比亚可持续城市化进程中土地利用效果和效率评价研究 ——以内肯特市为例》文中提出
杨玉燕[5]（2021）在《典型城市住宅居室PM2.5现状及其影响因素》文中研究说明背景:住宅微环境与健康关系密切。住宅室内健康危害因素众多,我国住宅居室空气PM2.5污染总体状况不清。目的:了解我国城市住宅室内空气PM2.5污染分布特征,探索住宅室内PM2.5可能的影响因素,探讨住宅室内PM2.5水平、个体PM2.5日均暴露剂量（Average Daily Dose,ADD）与儿童呼吸系统疾病既往患病情况和主诉症状之间的关联,为降低住宅PM2.5暴露浓度及改善儿童健康状况提供理论依据。方法:本研究采用现况调查设计,以我国12个典型城市的二年级小学生及其家庭住宅为研究对象,研究城市居室内空气PM2.5的浓度水平、分布特征和影响因素及其与儿童呼吸系统患病史及其他主诉症状之间的统计学关联性。于2018年4月至2019年3月,针对家庭居室内日常生活典型场景（持续关窗12小时,过夜）,实施室内空气现场采样检测并收集附近的大气国控监测站点数据,分别获取住宅室内及室外PM2.5数据。通过问卷调查获得住宅基本特征、居民健康相关行为、儿童行为活动模式及健康状况等相关数据。使用Excel进行数据整理和SPSS25.0进行数据分析,对原始数据进行统计描述,对PM2.5对数转换后再进行统计推断,主要包括配对t检验、单因素方差分析、协方差分析、相关分析、多重线性回归、Logistic回归分析等。从季节差异、室内采样点、城市上下风向区、室外地理分区等多个方面描述居室PM2.5的时空分布特征;从室内外PM2.5比值I/O探究室内外PM2.5的关联。从住宅基本特征、烹饪相关行为、居家生活习惯、居家防护措施四个方面探究居室PM2.5潜在影响因素;从居室PM2.5浓度、个体PM2.5暴露日均剂量两个方面探究PM2.5与儿童呼吸系统疾病患病情况和主诉症状之间的统计学关联。结果:本研究共获取12个典型城市612户家庭住宅室内PM2.5的现场检测数据,其中完成612户家庭的住宅基本特征及居民健康行为调查,完成540名儿童健康状况问卷调查。所有调查家庭的住宅室内PM2.5浓度范围为0.6～1046.0μg/m3,几何均数为54.0μg/m3。54.1%的住宅家庭室内PM2.5浓度超过50μg/m3。住宅PM2.5的分布特征:①依据检测季节比较:冷季与暖季室内PM2.5浓度水平存在统计学差异,冷季PM2.5浓度几何均数为77.1μg/m3,暖季PM2.5浓度几何均数为39.5μg/m3。②依据室内采样点分类比较:客厅和卧室PM2.5浓度之间差异无统计学意义,客厅的PM2.5浓度几何均数为56.7μg/m3,卧室的PM2.5浓度几何均数为54.1μg/m3;分季节后的室内采样点之间差异均无统计学意义。③依据家庭所在城市上下风向区比较:上风向与下风向居室内PM2.5浓度水平差异不显着,上风向PM2.5几何均数为54.4μg/m3,下风向PM2.5几何均数为54.1μg/m3。④依据城市位置比较:各城市间PM2.5浓度差异有统计学意义。冷季最高前三城市依次为兰州（200.8μg/m3）、南宁（173.6μg/m3）和无锡（81.8μg/m3）;暖季PM2.5浓度的几何均数最高前三城市分别为青岛（90.0μg/m3）,南宁（60.1μg/m3）和洛阳（56.8μg/m3）。⑤依据室外地理位置比较:暖季,北方城市的居室PM2.5浓度高于南方;冷季,南北方城市的居室PM2.5浓度间差异没有统计学意义。室内外PM2.5的关联:住宅室内PM2.5与室外PM2.5的浓度具有相关性,Pearson相关系数=0.317。I/O值P50（P25,P75）为1.38（0.80,2.51）。冷暖季节内的客厅和卧室I/O值差异无统计学意义。住宅PM2.5的潜在影响因素:近五年内装修、使用中央空调是居室内PM2.5浓度升高的危险因素,使用空气净化器是居室内PM2.5浓度升高的保护因素。近五年内装修过的居室的PM2.5浓度相对于未装修家庭更高;使用中央空调的居室的PM2.5浓度相对于不使用的居室更高。使用空气净化器的居室的PM2.5浓度相对于不使用的居室更低。住宅PM2.5浓度与儿童呼吸系统危害的关联:室内PM2.5是儿童患支气管炎的危险因素,室内PM2.5浓度每增加10 μg/m3,儿童患支气管炎的风险增加3.9%（95%CI:1.3%,6.5%）;儿童居室内PM2.5的日均暴露量ADD每增加1μg/（kg·d）,儿童患支气管炎的风险增加 1.2%（95%CI:0.4%,2.1%）。结论:（1）我国12个典型城市调查家庭居室PM2.5总体几何均数约为54.0μg/m3,波动范围较广,51.4%的居室PM2.5超过50μg/m3。（2）居室PM2.5的季节性差异和地理分布均呈现明显差异。冷季最高前三城市为兰州、南宁和无锡;暖季最高前三城市分别为青岛,南宁和洛阳。（3）近五年内装修、使用中央空调可能是居室内PM2.5浓度升高的危险因素,使用空气净化器可能是居室内PM2.5浓度升高的保护因素。（4）初步发现住宅室内PM2.5浓度是儿童患支气管炎的危险因素。
Mengsteab Berhane Abraha[6]（2021）在《厄立特里亚城市蔓延和非正式城市化的原因与影响研究 ——以巴伦图镇为例》文中提出
Juan Carlos Merlo Sotillo[7]（2021）在《可持续视角下城市废弃及碎片空间的量化研究 ——以委内瑞拉加拉加斯的蒂纳市为例》文中研究说明
法达(ALWAHABDULFATTAH AHMED QASEM)[8]（2021）在《也门萨那市公共空间质量评价的工具开发和方法探讨》文中指出城市公共空间是城市的重要有机组成部分,它代表着城市呼吸的肺部,人们在其中进行日常活动和社交活动。公共开放空间所发挥的至关重要的作用之一就是支持个人活动和文化多样性,这体现了人们在使用公共开放空间方面的自由选择性。公共开放空间可用于健康活动、体育活动,或为人们在户外营造出一种幸福感,这对于随着年龄增长而引起心脏病和肥胖等疾病的人群是非常重要的新生活方式。因此,提高公共场所的效率和质量,并提高其活动多样性的呼吁不断增加。在先前的文献中,开放空间的质量和成功已经从许多方面以不同的方式进行了论述,包括通过问卷调查和访谈来了解用户的印象和体验,通过专家评估或先进的计算机方法评估视觉方面,通过直接观察来测量物理质量,并通过直接观察或行为来衡量空间的可用性。尽管如此,仍然有许多问题没有得到具体而全面的解决。当前的研究找出了与测量公共空间质量有关的一系列研究空白,并提出了一套从多个方面衡量公共空间质量的工具和方法。并在也门萨那市的四个选定的公共空间中进行这些工具的开发和应用。1、确定公共开放空间使用者的需求,要求和预期体验在城市设计中非常重要,而不能提供目标用户是无法满足空间需求的主要原因之一。因此,更需要深入了解城市开放空间用户的需求和看法。尽管一些研究已经讨论了用户对开放空间的需求,并发布了一些方法和测量工具来测量开放空间的某些特征,但是尚未发布用于测量开放空间用户需求和要求的综合定量测量工具。因此,本研究试图开发一种工具来衡量公共空间满足用户需求的程度。该工具的组成部分和要素是通过一套程序的计算来确定和开发的。先对公共空间使用者的需求、要求和偏好相关的理论和实践文献进行了综述,然后通过全面的回顾,得出了公共空间用户需求测量工具的组成部分和要素,并且空间使用者、建筑师和城市设计师以及城市环境领域的专家均参与了该工具的开发。工具开发包含了以下验证因素:人脸有效性、内容有效性指标、度量工具构造有效性以及项目和因素的内部一致性。该研究提供了一种测量工具,并使用差距分析指标来确定公共场所当前满足用户的质量与所需质量之间的差异。此外,结果显示,萨那市公共空间的恶化状况反映了当前用户需求的空间水平与要求水平之间存在很大差距。2、公共空间元素的组织和布置在特定空间中起着重要作用。此外,就人与环境之间的关系而言,良好的公共空间是人们最常使用并偏爱的空间,而缺乏活力和利用率与该空间的城市设计存在缺陷有关。先前揭示公共空间特征与其用途和访问率之间关系的研究经常采用多种研究方法,包括定量和定性,直接观察或问卷调查,传统观察方法和先进技术。但是,这些通常只检查了空间,只观察了空间的某些部分。但是,检查空间物理组件的属性不应仅限于该空间中的特定区域,而是必须包括空间的所有部分和区域,以便对其进行高效检查和研究。论文研究了公共空间的物理组成部分与其每个区域的空间使用密度（DSU）之间的关系,并考虑了其空间使用强度。本研究采用BRAT-DO 方法研究空间的物理组成特征,通过实地调查确定空间的 DSU 和 ISU 值,通过行为地图来确定空间活动的多样性。结果表明,DSU与所研究的空间物理成分特征有很强的相关性。DSU与BRAT-DO工具中提到的5个特征中的4个相关,即特征、条件、美学和空间的安全性。在这一部分,研究提出了一种测量公共空间使用密度的方法。3、公共开放空间的质量取决于其发生活动的种类。当空间质量差时,只会发生必要的活动。然而,当高质量空间出现时,其选择性活动就会出现,从而使得社交活动增加。因此,不能只为特定活动或单一类型的用户设计公共场所。公共空间应容纳许多不同类型的活动和多个用户群体。活动和用户的高度多样性可以表明公共空间的质量。对于此问题,Mehta（2007）发布了一种工具来衡量公共空间的质量,该工具以用户的多样性程度以及在开放空间的停留时间作为衡量公共空间有效性的指标。虽然Mehta的工具可以衡量社会活动的多样性,但它并没有衡量社会活动多样性的强度及其在一天中持续的时间,同样,该工具测量使用和用户的多样性,但它不测量该多样性在一天中各个时间段的强度。该工具也可以测量用户在空间中停留的时间,但不能确定一天中停留的时间是否相等。此外,它没有说明不同的区域和空间是否以相同的密度和同一时间段使用。仅在一天的一个时间段内确定这些指标可能会影响结果的准确性和客观性。目前的研究通过增加空间维度和更广泛地使用时间维度来处理这些问题。目前的研究是通过增加空间维度和拓展时间维度来处理这些问题。该研究开发了一种Mehta（2007）工具,通过增加空间维度和使用时间维度来衡量公共空间中用户的多样性。它提出了一种确定使用强度和多样性（IDU）的工具,可以作为衡量公共空间质量的指标。已制定的获取因素包括七个指标,分别是短时间的使用强度,空间使用强度ISU,社会使用强度（ISCU）,年龄多样性的IAD强度,性别多样性的IGD强度,停留强度（IS）和活动强度（IA）。这项研究验证了所提议的工具中包含的所有变量,分别测量每个选定空间一周内的使用强度和多样性。调查包括工作日和周末。每天在四个时段（早晨,中午,下午和晚上）对选定的空间进行调查,每个时段用时十五分钟。变量的结果通过一组方程式进行测量,这些方程式确定每个变量的空间效率,然后计算工具的最终效率。4、先前有关城市,建筑和景观设计的研究已经讨论了视觉设计和公共空间评估的许多原理和标准。由于它们的相似性,矛盾性和重叠性,城市开发商和设计师们仍然难以选择最重要的视觉设计原则,以评估现有的开放空间并产生具有和谐视觉设计的新开放空间。该工具研究了视觉设计原理在多大程度上提升了视觉图像质量。它试图探索在创建视觉和谐方面哪个更具影响力,从而提高视觉景观图像的质量。本研究主要是对Bell所引用的原理和基础进行了一些修改。该研究考察了选定空间如何实现了公共空间视觉设计的原理。研究将这些设计原则应用于视觉景观质量的思考。通过视觉设计原理与视觉和谐之间的皮尔逊相关系数结果,列出了一些有助于增强视觉形象的和谐性、提高视觉景观形象质量的视觉设计原则和标准。这些原则和标准代表了测量工具的组成部分和要素,即层次结构,要素的多样性,比例尺的不同,外观,形状和背景,二维构型在三维外观中的反映,以及空间设计的特征和独特性。该测量工具还包括一些行政措施,例如维护没有视觉污染元素的空间。总之,该研究提出了一套测量工具和方法论,以确定公共空间的质量和成功。这些工具和方法是开放式城市环境的开发人员和管理人员可以用来确定开放式环境的质量和成功的基本实践贡献。该研究开发了一种定量工具,以确定空间使用者需求水平与这些空间现有水平之间的差距。那些使用者可以认识到从空间中获得的东西与空间所提供的东西之间的区别。这些知识有助于根据用户的需求精确定义所需的干预措施,从而提高空间的利用率和效率。该研究开发了一种测量空间使用密度指数和使用强度指数的方法。这两个指标可能与空间的物理设置具有正相关。该研究还开发了一种工具,用于测量可能与空间质量有关的使用性和用户的强度和多样性。这两种方法表现人们在开放空间中的行为及其与空间质量的关系知识。该研究提出了一套有助于提高视觉景观质量的视觉标准。这些标准可以用来评估和发展开放城市环境的视觉方面。这些知识提高了城市设计师和建筑师设计、开发和评估公共空间的能力。综上,该研究讨论了与公共空间的质量和成功有关的基本方面。这些工具和方法是城市空间的开发人员和管理人员可以用来确定开放空间环境质量的基本实践贡献。该研究开发了一个定量工具,以确定公共空间满足用户需求时所需水平和当前水平之间的差距。可以使人们认识到用户对空间活动的需求和空间所提供活动的区别。这也就有助于根据用户的愿望精确定义所需空间要素的措施,从而提高空间的使用和效率。同时开发了一种测量空间使用密度和空间使用强度的工具,这两个指标可能与空间的物理设置呈正相关。该研究也开发了一种工具用于衡量与空间质量有关的用户的使用强度和多样性。这两种方法支持了人们在公共空间中的行为及其与空间质量的关系的理论。该研究还提出了一套有助于提高视觉景观质量的标准和原则,以用来评估和提高城市开放空间环境。同时也提高了城市设计师和建筑师设计、开发和评估公共开放空间的能力。
Ahsan Nawaz[9]（2021）在《获取真实领导力与组织学习和创新对CPEC项目管理成功的中介效应》文中指出本研究基于巴基斯坦CPEC项目,探讨组织创新与组织学习在真实领导行为之间的中介作用。中巴经济走廊（CPEC）是中国和巴基斯坦政府联合发起并管理的宏大工程,包括基础设施、电力和社会发展等多个项目。本研究以真实领导与组织创新和组织学习变量正相关为基础,旨在探讨组织创新和组织学习如何影响项目成功中的真实领导。本文采用演绎法对假设进行检验,以问卷调查为主要数据收集工具。在数据收集过程中应用了定量和定性技术。本项研究采用横截面的时间范围进行研究,具有解释性和探索性特点。从典型的定量研究框架出发,归纳分析与CPEC项目相关的文献,包括学术论文和相关文件。研究对象包括直接或间接为CPEC项目工作的跨国公司和政府有关组织机构。公司管理者、领导者和项目领导者共同构成本研究样本源,以目的取样为技术手段获取样本,所用研究工具为预先开发好的。本研究从与CPEC项目有关的私营公司或政府相关部门的高中层管理人员中,发放了总共295份调查问卷,以之为基础进行数据整理和分析。研究者采用李克特五点量度测量,被调查者可从选项1（强烈不同意）到选项5（强烈同意）中进行选择,以记录受访者对问题的同意程度。问卷最初用英语编制,然后转换成受访者的语言。研究者选取了中国石油工程建设有限责任公司的59个项目,每个项目选取5个具有权威者填写调查问卷,其中有20份是由CPEC高管填写的。在295份问卷中,有35份因不完整而被归类于废卷,260份有效问卷被进一步分析用于具体的研究中。采用SPSS和AMOS-21统计软件对包变量间的相关性进行分析。最终发现有数据表明,真实领导对组织学习和创新的有效影响是主变量。创新是创造力和学习的结晶,是组织成功的关键因素。真正的领导在于指明方向,并通过利用各种管理策略来促进创新、支持创新并变革凝聚力过程。组织学习是组织内部的行动,有意且非自主性地推动组织的积极变化。在巴基斯坦,本研究一个创新性的学术研究项目,并对世界性此类研究文献增添了新内容。
POK PENG（彭鹏）[10]（2021）在《金边市的职住空间关系和公共汽车交通可达性研究 ——柬埔寨的案例》文中研究表明
首先简单简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景，再而简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题，并提出你的论文准备的观点或解决方法。
本文主要提出一款精简64位RISC处理器存储管理单元结构并详细分析其设计过程。在该MMU结构中,TLB采用叁个分离的TLB,TLB采用基于内容查找的相联存储器并行查找,支持粗粒度为64KB和细粒度为4KB两种页面大小,采用多级分层页表结构映射地址空间,并详细论述了四级页表转换过程,TLB结构组织等。该MMU结构将作为该处理器存储系统实现的一个重要组成部分。
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| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| Abstract |
| List of Abbreviation |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Background of the Study |
| 1.2 Statement of Problem and Significance of the Study |
| 1.3 Research Questions and Research Objectives |
| 1.4 Outline of the Research |
| Chapter 2 Governance and Reform of Primary Health Care System in Thailand |
| 2.1 Governance of Primary Health Care System |
| 2.2 Reform of Primary Health Care System |
| 2.2.1 The Era of Modernizing Health System (1868-1960) |
| 2.2.2 The Era of Building Primary Health Care System (1961-2000) |
| 2.2.3 The Era of Reforming Health Financing (2001-2002) |
| 2.2.4 The Era of Strengthening Primary Health Care System (2002-now) |
| Chapter 3 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework |
| 3.1 Functions of Primary Health Care |
| 3.2 Typologies and Provision of Healthcare System |
| 3.2.1 Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) |
| 3.2.2 National Health Service (NHS) |
| 3.2.3 Pluralism and Private Insurance |
| 3.2.4 Saving Insurance |
| 3.2.5 Provision of Healthcare Delivery: State or Market? |
| 3.3 Governance Mechanisms and Framework for Health System Performance |
| 3.3.1 Governance Mechanisms of Primary Health Care |
| 3.3.2 Impact of Governance Mechanisms on Primary Health Care System |
| 3.3.3 Framework for Assessing Primary Health Care System Performance |
| 3.4 Performance Indicators of Primary Health Care System |
| 3.4.1 Efficiency of Resource Allocation |
| 3.4.2 Equity in Access to Healthcare Services |
| 3.4.3 Resilience of Health System |
| 3.4.3.1 Resilience in Global Health System Research |
| 3.4.3.2 Trust and Resilience Health System |
| 3.4.3.3 Public Trust and Policy Compliance |
| 3.5 Research Gap |
| 3.6 Conceptual Framework and Proposed Research Propositions/Hypothesis |
| Chapter 4 Research Methodology |
| 4.1 Research Design and Methodology Framework |
| 4.2 Definition and Measurement of Variables |
| 4.3 Data Collection |
| 4.3.1 A Case Study of Contracting Unit for Primary Care A |
| 4.3.2 Secondary Databases |
| 4.3.3 A Cross-Sectional Study of Questionnaire Survey |
| 4.4 Method of analysis |
| 4.4.1 In-depth and Focus Group Interview |
| 4.4.2 Statistical Analysis |
| Chapter 5 Impact of Health System Reform on the Governance of Primary Health Care system through Governance Mechanism |
| 5.1 Mixed Impact of PHC Governance Mechanisms on PHC Structure |
| 5.1.1 Mixed Degree of Leadership and Political Commitment |
| 5.1.2 Unclear Policy Guidelines |
| 5.1.3 Inadequate Funding and Resource Allocation |
| 5.1.4 High Degree of Community Engagement |
| 5.2 Mixed Impact on PHC Service Delivery Process |
| 5.2.1 Mixed Impact on Service Delivery Process at Provider Level |
| 5.2.2 Positive Impact on Service Delivery Process at Practice Level |
| 5.3 Proposition Testing and Summary |
| Chapter 6 Efficiency of Resource Allocation |
| 6.1 Resource Allocation and the Performance of Health System |
| 6.1.1 Scarcer Health Resources and Lower Health Expenditure |
| 6.1.2 Lower Healthcare Utilization |
| 6.1.3 Moderate Health Outcomes |
| 6.2 Resource Allocation and the Performance of Primary Health Care System |
| 6.2.1 Unequal Distribution of Health Resources and Health Expenditure |
| 6.2.2 Different Healthcare Utilization |
| 6.2.3 Paradoxical Health Outcomes |
| 6.3 Proposition Testing and Summary |
| Chapter 7 Equity of Access to Healthcare Services |
| 7.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis |
| 7.1.1 Who needs Healthcare Services? |
| 7.1.2 What is the Healthcare Utilization Behavior? |
| 7.1.3 How much do the Medical and Transportation Fees cost? |
| 7.2 Logistic Regression Analysis and Hypothesis Testing |
| 7.3 Summary |
| Chapter 8 Resilience of Primary Health Care System during Public Health Crisis |
| 8.1 Positive Impact of Primary Health Care System after the Reform |
| 8.2 Public Trust and Resilience of Health System |
| 8.2.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis |
| 8.2.2 Multiple Regression and Hypothesis Testing |
| 8.3 Summary |
| Chapter 9 Discussion and Conclusion |
| 9.1 Main Findings |
| 9.2 Policy Implications and Lessons Learned for Other Countries |
| 9.3 Theoretical and Practical Contribution |
| 9.4 Limitation and Future Research |
| 9.5 Conclusion |
| References |
| Appendix |
| Appendix 1: Interview Questions for Healthcare Managers |
| Appendix 2: Questionnaires for Public Trust and Policy Compliance during COVID-19 |
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| 常用缩写词中英文对照表 |
| 第一章 前言 |
| 1.1 研究背景 |
| 1.1.1 PM_(2.5)概述 |
| 1.1.2 室内PM_(2.5)暴露情景分析 |
| 1.2 国内外住宅PM_(2.5)研究现状 |
| 1.2.1 全球住宅PM_(2.5)污染现状 |
| 1.2.2 我国住宅PM_(2.5)污染现状 |
| 1.2.3 住宅PM_(2.5)的影响因素研究现状 |
| 1.3 PM_(2.5)暴露对儿童健康影响的研究现状 |
| 1.4 室内外PM_(2.5)污染的防控措施现状 |
| 1.5 研究目的、内容和意义 |
| 第二章 研究方法 |
| 2.1 技术路线 |
| 2.2 研究设计 |
| 2.3 样本量估算 |
| 2.4 调查对象 |
| 2.4.1 调查城市 |
| 2.4.2 调查家庭 |
| 2.4.3 调查人员 |
| 2.5 研究方法 |
| 2.5.1 住宅室内污染检测 |
| 2.5.2 室外大气污染数据 |
| 2.5.3 问卷调查 |
| 2.5.4 伦理审查 |
| 2.6 质量控制 |
| 2.6.1 现场检测质量控制 |
| 2.6.2 问卷调查质量控制 |
| 2.7 统计分析 |
| 2.7.1 数据清洗 |
| 2.7.2 数据分析 |
| 第三章 结果 |
| 3.1 研究对象的基本情况 |
| 3.1.1 调查家庭基本状况 |
| 3.1.2 调查住宅基本状况 |
| 3.1.3 调查儿童基本状况 |
| 3.2 住宅PM_(2.5)污染现状 |
| 3.2.1 总体特征 |
| 3.2.2 季节差异 |
| 3.2.3 室内采样点差异 |
| 3.2.4 上下风向区域差异 |
| 3.2.5 城市差异 |
| 3.2.6 区域差异 |
| 3.3 住宅室内外PM_(2.5)的关联性探究 |
| 3.3.1 住宅室内外PM_(2.5)的相关性分析 |
| 3.3.2 住宅室内外PM_(2.5)浓度比值I/O的分布 |
| 3.4 住宅PM_(2.5)的影响因素探究 |
| 3.4.1 住宅建筑特征的影响 |
| 3.4.2 居家烹饪行为的影响 |
| 3.4.3 居家生活习惯的影响 |
| 3.4.4 居家健康防护措施的影响 |
| 3.4.5 住宅环境多种因素与PM_(2.5)浓度的相关分析 |
| 3.4.6 住宅环境多种因素与PM_(2.5)浓度的多因素线性回归 |
| 3.5 住宅PM_(2.5)对儿童呼吸系统症状及主诉症状的影响探究 |
| 3.5.1 居室PM_(2.5)儿童日均暴露剂量ADD分布情况 |
| 3.5.2 居室PM_(2.5)与儿童呼吸系统部分疾病既往患病情况 |
| 3.5.3 居室PM_(2.5)与儿童既往患病的多因素Logistic回归 |
| 3.5.4 居室PM_(2.5)与儿童主诉症状情况分析 |
| 第四章 讨论 |
| 4.1 住宅居室PM_(2.5)污染现状及特征 |
| 4.2 住宅室内外PM_(2.5)的关联分析 |
| 4.3 居室PM_(2.5)的影响因素分析 |
| 4.4 居室PM_(2.5)的健康影响分析 |
| 4.5 研究的创新性和不足 |
| 第五章 结论与展望 |
| 5.1 结论 |
| 5.2 展望 |
| 参考文献 |
| 附录 |
| 附件1 家庭住宅环境调查问卷及填写说明 |
| 附件2 儿童健康水平调查问卷及填写说明 |
| 发表文章 |
| 个人简历 |
| 致谢 |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.1.1 Public space |
| 1.1.2 Types of public space |
| 1.2 Domestic and overseas research progress |
| 1.2.1 Overseas research status |
| 1.2.1.1 The general characteristics of success public space |
| 1.2.1.2 Defining the relationship between space characteristics and use |
| 1.2.1.3 Measuring the visual quality |
| 1.2.2 Domestic research status |
| 1.2.3 Research trends |
| 1.3 Research purpose, content, and methods |
| 1.3.1 Research purpose |
| 1.3.2 Research significance |
| 1.3.3 Research content |
| 1.3.4 Research methods |
| 1.3.5 Overall framework of the study |
| 2 Characteristics of visiting public spaces in Sana'a |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Materials and Methods |
| 2.2.1 The questionnaires |
| 2.2.2 ln-depth interviews |
| 2.3 Results |
| 2.3.1 Demographic characteristics |
| 2.3.2 Visit characteristics |
| 2.3.3 Priorities of public spaces users |
| 2.4 Discussion |
| 2.5 Chapter Conclusion |
| 3 Tool of Measuring the Meeting of Public Spaces for the Needs and Requirements of Users |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Developing the measurement tool |
| 3.2.1 Needs and requirements of public spaces users-theoretical framework |
| 3.2.2 Applying the measurement tool |
| 3.3 Results |
| 3.3.1 Priorities of public spaces users |
| 3.3.2 The difference between the perceptions of users and specialists |
| 3.3.3 Applying the developed measurement tool |
| 3.4 Discussion |
| 3.4.1 Development of measurement tool |
| 3.4.2 Preferences of spaces' users |
| 3.4.3 Gaps in the selected spaces |
| 3.4.4 Contribution |
| 3.5 Chapter Conclusion |
| 4 Density of use of public spaces |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.1.1 Public space characteristics associated with the use of space |
| 4.2 Materials and Methods |
| 4.2.1 Methods |
| 4.3 Results |
| 4.3.1 DSU and ISU results |
| 4.3.2 Correlation between the DSU and the quality of spaces |
| 4.3.3 Behavioural maps |
| 4.4 Discussion |
| 4.5 Chapter Conclusions |
| 5 Intensity and Diversity of Use (IDU) |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Materials and Methods |
| 5.2.1 Methodology |
| 5.3 Results |
| 5.4 Discussion |
| 5.5 Chapter Conclusion |
| 6 Developing a tool to determine the visual quality of public space |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.1.1 Visual Design of Public Spaces |
| 6.2 Materials and Methods |
| 6.2.1 Methods |
| 6.2.2 Coding data |
| 6.3 Results |
| 6.3.1 Correlation between the principles of visual design and the harmony of the visuallandscape |
| 6.3.2 Results of examining the principles of visual design and harmony in specific spaces |
| 6.4 Discussion |
| 6.5 Chapter Conclusion |
| 7 CONCLUSION |
| 7.1 Main Conclusion |
| 7.2 Innovation Points |
| 7.3 Prospect |
| 8 结论 |
| 8.1 主要结论 |
| 8.2 创新点 |
| 8.3 展望 |
| References |
| Academic papers published during the degree study |
| Acknowledgement |
| 东北林业大学博士学位论文修改情况确认表 |
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter 1 Commencement and Study Context |
| 1.1 Study Perspective and Introduction |
| 1.2 Background of the Study |
| 1.2.1 Project Management |
| 1.2.2 Contemporary studies of Project Management |
| 1.2.3 Project Success |
| 1.2.4 Authentic Leadership |
| 1.2.5 Organizational Innovation |
| 1.2.6 Organizational Learning |
| 1.3 Aim and Objectives |
| 1.4 Research Questions |
| 1.5 Significance of the Research |
| 1.6 Research Methodology |
| 1.7 Dissertation Layout |
| 1.8 Summary |
| Chapter 2 Targeted Study |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) |
| 2.3 Energy Power Projects |
| 2.3.1“Port Qasim Coal-Fired Power Plant” |
| 2.3.2 Hydropower Station (Suki Kinari) |
| 2.3.3“Coal Power Plant (Sahiwal)” |
| 2.3.4 Wind Farm Hydro China (Dawood) |
| 2.3.5 Coal Power Project Gwadar |
| 2.3.6 Quaid-E-Azam Power Project Bahawalpur (Solar Park) |
| 2.3.7“UEP Wind Farm”(Jhimpir, Thatta) |
| 2.3.8 Sachal Farm (Thatta) |
| 2.3.9 Hydropower Station (Karot) |
| 2.3.10 Three Gorges Third Wind Power Project |
| 2.3.11 Coal Power Plant (HUB) |
| 2.3.12 Kohala Hydel Project AJK |
| 2.3.13 Fuel Power Plant (Rahimyar Khan) |
| 2.3.14 Cacho Project Wind Energy |
| 2.3.15 Wind Power Project (Western Energy) |
| 2.4 Mining Projects |
| 2.4.1 (Thar) Engro Coal Field Block II Surface Mine |
| 2.4.2 Coal Field Surface Mine Thar II |
| 2.4.3 Mine Mouth Power Phase Coal Block-I &Sec (Ssrl Thar) |
| 2.4.4 Surface Mine & Mouth Oracle Plant Thar |
| 2.5 Project under Consideration |
| 2.6 Infrastructure Projects |
| 2.6.1“(Multan-Sukkur Section) Peshawar-Karachi Motorway” |
| 2.6.2 (Thakot -Havelian Section) KKH PHASE II |
| 2.6.3 Basima - Khuzdar Road |
| 2.6.4 D.I.Khan - Zhob Upgradation |
| 2.6.5 N35 KKH Thakot-Raikot |
| 2.6.6 Surab-Hoshab (N-85) |
| 2.6.7 Gwadar – Turbat – Hoshab (M-8) |
| 2.6.8 Zhob Quetta (N-50) |
| 2.6.9 D.I Khan (Yarik) –Zhob (N-50) |
| 2.6.10 D.I Khan Motorway Hakla |
| 2.6.11 Chitral to Chakdara, Link Road from Gilgit, Shandor |
| 2.6.12 Expansion and Reconstruction of ML1 |
| 2.7 Economic Zones |
| 2.7.1 Nowshera, Rashakai Economic Zone |
| 2.7.2 Special Economic Zone Dhabeji |
| 2.7.3 Development Free Zone |
| 2.8 Gwadar Projects |
| 2.8.1 Expressway (Gwadar East-Bay) |
| 2.8.2 International Airport (New Gwadar) |
| 2.8.3 Breakwaters Construction |
| 2.8.4 Berthing Areas & Channels Dredging |
| 2.8.5 Fresh Water Treatment Indispensable Facilities |
| 2.8.6 Pak-China Friendship Hospital |
| 2.8.7 Technical and Vocational Institution (Gwadar) |
| 2.8.8 Smart Master City Plan Gwadar |
| 2.8.9 Project Livelihood (Gwadar) |
| 2.9 Different Sector Projects |
| 2.9.1 Havelian Dry Port |
| 2.9.2 Optical Fiber (Cable Cross Border) |
| 2.9.3 Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast (DTMB) Project |
| 2.9.4 Early Warning System (EWS), Pakistan Meteorological Department |
| 2.9.5 Karachi Circular Railway |
| 2.9.6 Orange Line – Lahore |
| 2.9.7 Transfer of Knowledge in Different Sectors |
| 2.9.8 Transfer of Knowledge in the Education Sector |
| 2.9.9 HVDC Transmission Line Project, Matiari to Lahore |
| 2.10 Summary |
| Chapter 3 Literature Review |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 China Pakistan Economic Corridor |
| 3.2.1 Pak-China Brotherhood |
| 3.2.2 China’s Dream |
| 3.2.3 Management of CPEC |
| 3.2.4 Structural Body |
| 3.2.5 Financial Assistance |
| 3.3 Project Management |
| 3.3.1 Ancient History of Project Management |
| 3.3.2 Project Management Four Period |
| 3.3.3 Post Project Management Fourth Eras |
| 3.3.4 Project Management Future |
| 3.3.5 The Current Project Management State |
| 3.3.6 Project Management Practice |
| 3.3.7 Project Management Objectives |
| 3.4 Project success |
| 3.4.1 Definition of Project |
| 3.4.2 Studies of Project Success Criteria |
| 3.4.3 Project Categorization |
| 3.4.4 Project Success and Different Stakeholders |
| 3.4.5 Project Manager Traits Related to Project Success |
| 3.4.6 Criteria to Measure Project Success |
| 3.4.7 Causatives of Project Success |
| 3.4.8 Belassi and Tukel’s Determined Critical Success Factors (CSPs) |
| 3.4.9 Critical Success Factors by Van der Merwe Hauptfleisch’s and Els |
| 3.4.10 Critical Success Factors by Ivanova’s and Alexandrova |
| 3.4.11 Critical Success Factors Nistor’s Belieu and Crisan |
| 3.5 Authentic Leadership |
| 3.5.1 What is Authentic? |
| 3.5.2 Defining Authenticity |
| 3.5.3 Ethics and Authentic Leadership |
| 3.5.4 Perception of Authentic Leadership Style |
| 3.5.5 Development of Authentic Leadership and Authentic Leaders |
| 3.5.6 Authentic Leadership Constituents |
| 3.5.7 Leadership Theories based AL differentiation |
| 3.5.8 Differentiating authentic and transformational leadership (TL) |
| 3.5.9 Charismatic Leadership Theories and Authentic Leadership |
| 3.5.10 Spiritual Leadership (SL), Servant Leadership and (AL) AuthenticLeadership |
| 3.6 Organizational Learning |
| 3.6.1 Experiential Theory of Learning |
| 3.6.2 Adaptive and Generative Theory of Learning |
| 3.6.3 Types of Organizational Learning |
| 3.6.4 Learning Dimensions by NEEF |
| 3.6.5 Organizational Learning and Organizational Innovation |
| 3.7 Organizational Innovation |
| 3.7.1 Previous Research Supports Innovation |
| 3.7.2 Conceptual Review |
| 3.7.3 Duality Management and Organizational Innovation |
| 3.7.4 Supported Theories to Organizational Innovation |
| 3.7.5 Ambidextrous Theory of Innovation |
| 3.7.6 Management Change and Self-Organization |
| 3.8 Summary |
| Chapter 4 Theoretical Framework |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 The Significance of Planning a Research Design Framework |
| 4.3 Developing the Research Design Framework |
| 4.3.1 Theoretical Framework Significance |
| 4.3.2 Theoretical Framework of the Study |
| 4.3.3 Project Management |
| 4.3.4 Authentic Leadership |
| 4.3.5 Organizational Learning and Conceptual Framework |
| 4.3.6 Organizational Innovation |
| 4.3.7 Project Success (Ps) |
| 4.4 Philosophy and Research Assumptions |
| 4.4.1 Ontology |
| 4.4.2 Epistemology |
| 4.4.3 Linking Ontology, Epistemology and Methodology |
| 4.5 Development of Hypothesis |
| 4.5.1 Appraising the Authentic Leadership on OL |
| 4.5.2 Appraising the A.L. on Success of Project |
| 4.5.3 Appraising the Organizational Learning on Organization Innovation |
| 4.5.4 Appraisal of Organizational Innovation on Project Success |
| 4.5.5 Appraising the Organizational Learning on Project Success |
| 4.5.6 Appraising the Mediating Character of O.L. amid Authentic Leadership andCPEC Project Success |
| 4.5.7 Appraising the Connecting Function of O.I., O.L. and Project Success |
| 4.5.8 Appraising the Connecting Function of O.I. and O.L. amid AL and ProjectSuccess |
| 4.6 Summary |
| Chapter 5 Research Methodology |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Philosophy of Research |
| 5.2.1 Nature of Social Science and Related Assumptions |
| 5.2.2 Nature of Society in Assumptions |
| 5.2.3 Research Paradigms |
| 5.3 Research Approach |
| 5.4 Methodology of Research |
| 5.5 Research Strategy |
| 5.5.1 Survey Research: The Preferred Approach |
| 5.6 The Design of Research |
| 5.7 Sampling and Research Population |
| 5.8 Methods of Data Collection |
| 5.8.1 Questionnaire Development |
| 5.8.2 Design of Questionnaire |
| 5.8.3 Types of Questions |
| 5.8.4 Measurement Scales |
| 5.9 Test Pilot |
| 5.10 Main Questionnaire Survey |
| 5.10.1 Response Rate |
| 5.11 Semi-Structured Interviews |
| 5.12 Techniques of Data Analysis |
| 5.12.1 Structural Equation Modelling |
| 5.12.2 The Underlying Principle for Using AMOS |
| 5.12.3 Expending AMOS for Testing of Hypotheses |
| 5.12.4 Reliability analysis |
| 5.13 Ethical Considerations |
| 5.14 Summary |
| Chapter 6 Survey & Hypothesis Results |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Characteristics of Study Sample |
| 6.2.1 Characteristics of Surveyed Organizations |
| 6.3 Policies and Planning for Project Management |
| 6.3.1 Project Management Development |
| 6.3.2 Project Management vs. General Management |
| 6.3.3 Nature of Policies |
| 6.3.4 Responsibility for Developing Plans and Policies |
| 6.3.5 Expectation Level of Plan Implementation |
| 6.4 Implementation of Project Relating Innovation and Learning Programme |
| 6.4.1 Analysis Regarding Project Need |
| 6.4.2 Methods for Need Analysis |
| 6.4.3 Circumstances for Need in P.M.D |
| 6.4.4 Approaches to Innovation and Learning |
| 6.4.5 Methods Used for Development and Learning |
| 6.5 Summary of Quantitative Analysis |
| 6.6 Hypotheses Testing Introduction |
| 6.7 Descriptive Statistics |
| 6.8 Empirical Analysis |
| 6.9 Bivariate Analysis (Correlations) |
| 6.10 Multiple Regression Analysis |
| 6.11 Data Screening |
| 6.11.1 Missing Data |
| 6.11.2 Outliers Detection |
| 6.11.3 Multi-collinearity |
| 6.12 Data Exploration |
| 6.12.1 Communality Scores |
| 6.13 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (C.F.A.) |
| 6.13.1 Authentic Leadership |
| 6.13.2 Organizational Innovation |
| 6.13.3 Organizational Learning |
| 6.13.4 Project Success |
| 6.13.5 Measurement Model |
| 6.14 SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) |
| 6.14.1 Indirect Effects |
| 6.15 Testing of Hypotheses |
| 6.15.1 AL and OL |
| 6.15.2 AL and PMS |
| 6.15.3 OL and OI |
| 6.15.4 OI and PMS |
| 6.15.5 OL and PMS |
| 6.16 Summary |
| Chapter 7 Qualitative Findings |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Semi-structured Interviews |
| 7.3 Background Information |
| 7.4 Usage of Project Management Practices |
| 7.5 Feature Influencing the Project Management |
| 7.6 Apparent Advantages of PMP |
| 7.7 Complications in Assessing AL, OI, OL and Project Success |
| 7.8 Summary |
| Chapter 8 Discussion, Contribution and Recommendation |
| 8.1 Introduction |
| 8.2 Leading Research Outcomes |
| 8.3 Research Question and Hypothesis Testing Assessment |
| 8.3.1 Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Learning |
| 8.3.2 Impact of Authentic Leadership on CPEC Project Success |
| 8.3.3 Impact of Organizational Learning on Organization Innovation |
| 8.3.4 Impact of Organizational Innovation on CPEC Project Success |
| 8.3.5 Impact of Organizational Learning on CPEC Project Success |
| 8.3.6 Mediating Role of Organizational Learning between Authentic Leadershipand CPEC Project Success |
| 8.3.7 Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation between Organization Learningand CPEC Project Success |
| 8.3.8 Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation and Organizational Learningbetween Authentic Leadership and CPEC Project Success |
| 8.4 Authentic Leadership and Project Success |
| 8.5 Authentic Leadership and Organizational Learning |
| 8.6 Organizational Learning and Organizational Innovation |
| 8.7 Organizational learning and Project Success |
| 8.8 Organizational Innovation and Project Success |
| 8.9 Summary |
| Chapter 9 Final Conclusion |
| 9.1 Introduction |
| 9.2 Summarized Version of Research Outcomes |
| 9.3 Research Contribution |
| 9.4 Implementations of the Study |
| 9.4.1 Theoretical, Methodological and Contextual Implications |
| 9.4.2 Validation of the Discussed Variables |
| 9.4.3 Managerial Level Policy Implications |
| 9.4.4 Government Level Policy Implications |
| 9.5 Limitations of the Study |
| 9.6 Future Directions and Recommendations |
| 9.7 Epilogue |
| Reference |
| Appendix |
| Acknowledgement |
| Dedication |
