各个期刊有不同的文献标注方式,具体怎么标注要看期刊的要求。有一些文献管理软件,可以很方便地帮你完成这些功能,其中,endnote是这类软件中比较受欢迎的。本回答被提问者采纳首先,登录中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库或者 维普数据库(此为中国三大专业文献数据库)或国外Pubmed/Medline等国外专业数据库,然后搜索相关的文献,写出您的文章。其次,再去以上数据库中搜索相关专业期刊编辑部信息,找到投稿联系方式,这样的方法避免网上很多钓鱼网站,确保您投稿的期刊是合法的。最后,祝好运。欢迎交流。静石医疗,竭诚为您服务。
毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点: ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是: 姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983:1-7. 6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997:9-10. 7.条例 【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期 【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05 8.译著 【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者,译.出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 三、注释 注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。 四、参考文献 参考文献与文中注(王小龙,2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来,而不是1-6等等 ,并列写出来。1.Claude J. Galipeau, Isaiah Berlin’s Liberalism , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, pp. 86-7.2.Ibid. p.86.顺序是:作者名,书刊名(一般应为斜体),出版地,出版社,出版时间,页码.Schimanski B, Nguyen TN, Gunzl A. Highly efficient tandem affinity purification of trypanosome protein complexes based on a novel epitope combination.Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Nov;4(11):1942-50. 一个例子,那么多杂志有分为几种, 每种有些不同,主要是标点。你要拿其中的一个来参照。 你不妨告诉我,你学什么的(你的论文题)。我给你找篇英文的文章发去。4074 49844 qq给提问者:怎么给你发,我找到一篇.pdf 的,你要 加我的qq 呀, 没有你的联络哦References:[AAAM97]: G. Alonso, D. Agrawal, A. El Abbadi, and C. Mohan. Functionalities and Limitations of Current Workflow Management Systems. Technical report, IBM Almaden Research Center, 1997. To appear in IEEE Expert.[ASSR93]: P. Attie, M. Singh, A. Sheth, and M. Rusinkiewicz. Specifying and Enforcing Intertask Depen-dencies. In Proc. of the 19th Intl. Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pages 134-145, Dublin,Ireland, 1993.[BSR96]: A. Bonner, A. Shruf, and S. Rozen. LabFlow-1: A Database Benchmark for High Throughput Workflow Management. In Proc. of the 5th. Intnl. Conference on Extending Database Technology,pages 25-29, Avignon, France, March 1996.[Con97]: Information Management Consultants. WebFlo - Delivery Imaging and Workflow overthe Web. Technical report, Information Management Consultants, 1997. URL:/webflo.注意把标点符号写正确。本回答被提问者采纳
外文文献可以用你们图书馆的外文数据库检索, 如www.sciencedirect.com, www.springerlink.com 自己去找吧 学校里面可以下载到的!英文关键词可以利用www.iciba.com网站翻译~本回答由提问者推荐搜关键词,然后再筛选出最符合需要的。
在中国期刊网/里找,有那种英文的文献,之后翻译过来。万方、维普都可以。或者直接到外人数据库找。APS美国物理学会电子出版物AIP美国物理研究所电子出版物ASME美国机械工程师学会电子期刊ASCE美国土木工程协会电子期刊ACS美国化学学会数据库IOP英国皇家物理学会期刊RSC英国皇家化学学会期刊 AIAA美国航空航天学会 John Wiley电子期刊Kluwer电子期刊 Springer LINK 电子期刊EBSCO学术、商业信息数据库Elsevier ScienceIEEE/IEE Electronic Library ACM Digital Library 但估计你们学校没有数据库。如果找不到干脆找个中文的自己翻译过来算了。FirstSearchEBSCOhostSDOL,SDOSACMDigitalLibraryBeck-onlineCurrentIndextoStatisticsIEEEXploreLexisNexisWilsonWebAlexanderStreetPressGroveArtOnline/GroveMusicOnlineNatureOvidincludingPrimalPicturesTechSciencePresscairnFrantextOCLCFirstSearchSpringerLinkCSAIlluminaWebofKnowledgeGaleInfoTracReadReadOpacJSTORTaylor&FrancisWestlawInternationalGreenwoodDigitalCollectionGrolierOnlineOxfordResourcesMorganClaypoolEarlyAmericanImprint(EAI)、AccessUNProQuestAmericanChemicalSocietyNetLibraryEmerald
1: qtd in Style: 引用类型 Volume 26, No.4 : 第26卷,第4期2:T. S. Eliot:全名Thomas Stearns Eliot,是一位美国/英国诗人、评论家、剧作家,The Hollow Man是他的作品。T. S. 是Thomas Stearns 的简写本回答由提问者推荐关于论文中参考文献的问题:1】文末所写的参考文献均应在文中直接引用。正文中没有直接引用但研究过程中参考的不必写上并编号。2】所引用的参考文献最好是原话,也可转述及归纳。3】论文中所需要涉及的一些如欧几里得的《几何原本》、康托尔的“集合论”等一些原论文出处可以不标出,因为这些成果众所周知。
根据学术堂的了解,参考文献是英语论文的重要组成部分,也是编辑加工和重要内容。接下来就为大家介绍英语论文参考文献格式要求,欢迎阅读。 I.文内引用 (一)直接引用 1.引用中的省略 原始资料的引用:在正文中直接引用时,应给出作者、年份,并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略,使用英文时,应用3个省略号在句中标出(…),中文用6个(……);若两句间的资料省略,英文应用4个省略号标出(‥‥),中文用6个(……)。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释,应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂,应在引用后立即插入[sic],中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例: 例一:The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二:Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2.大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进4个空格,两端对齐,之后每行都缩进)。 当英文引用超过40字时,不使用引号,而使用“块”的形式(引用起于新的一行,首行缩进5个空格,左对齐,之后每行都缩进)。 Elkind (1978) states: In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perceptions as well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. (p.183) (二)间接引用 1.基本格式 同作者在同一段中重复被引用时,第一次必须写出日期,第二次以后则日期可省略。 a.英文文献:In a recent study of reaction times, Walker (2000) described the method…Walker also found…。 b.中文文献:李福印(2004)提出概念隐喻的重要性,…;李福印同时建议…。 2. 单一作者 a. 英文文献:姓氏(出版或发表年代)或(姓氏,出版或发表年代)。 例如:Porter (2001)…或…(Porter, 2001)。 b. 中文文献:姓名(出版或发表年代)或(姓名,出版或发表年代)。 例如:杨惠中(2011)…或…(杨惠中,2011)。 3.两个作者 英文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓氏,并使用“&”来连接,在正文中,使用“and”连接两名作者。 中文引用时,在圆括号内使用两名作者的姓名,并用顿号“、”来连接,在正文中,使用 “和”、“与”、“及”等字连接两名作者。 例如: (Smith & Jones, 1994), or Smith and Jones (1994) found.... In 1994 Smith and Jones researched.... Always cite both names in text. 陈国华和田兵(2008)认为…或…(陈国华、田兵,2008) 4.三至五个作者 英文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有的作者的姓氏,除最后一名作者之前在正文中使用逗号加“and”、在圆括号内使用逗号加“&”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用逗号“,”;之后引用时,英文用第一个作者的姓随之以“et al.”。 中文第一次引用参考资料时,列出所有作者的姓名,除最后两名作者之间用“和”连接外,之前的其他作者之间使用顿号“、”;之后引用时,用第一名作者加“等”字。 例如: Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences.... (第一次使用). Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests.... (在段落中第二次使用). Starsburger et al. found discrepancies.... (在同一段落中再次使用,此时省略年份). 卫乃兴、李文中与濮建忠(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴、李文中、濮建忠,2005)。(第一次使用) 卫乃兴等(2005)指出…或…(卫乃兴等,2005)。(第二次使用) 5.六个作者及以上 使用英文时,只用第一个人的姓氏加“et al.”;使用中文时,只列出第一名作者的姓名,再加上“等”。 例如: Pouliquen et al. (2003)……或……(Pouliquen et al., 2003) 王洪俊等(2007)…或…(王洪俊等,2007) 6.团体作者 使用中文时,第一次用全称,比如,(首都师范大学教育科学学院[首师大教科院],2001);之后可以用简称,比如,首师大教科院(2001)的调查表明……。 使用英文时,第一次引用时,拼出团体,比如, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996);以后用团体缩写加年份表示,比如,The NIMH (1996) examined....。 7.没有作者的文献 当一部作品没有作者时,在文中引用参考文献目录单中的前几个字(通常是标题)和年份。比如,一项关于成年人抑郁症的调查(“Study Finds”, 1997)报告……。 当某作品的作者列为“Anonymous”、中文使用“匿名”或“无名氏”时,英文引用时用“Anonymous”加逗号及年份,即(Anonymous, 1997),中文用“匿名”加逗号及年份,即(匿名,1997)。 8.英文文献作者姓氏相同 英文文献作者姓氏相同时,相同姓氏之作者于论文中引用时均引用全名,以避免混淆。 例如:R. D. Luce (1995) and G. E. Luce (1988)…。 9.多篇文献 a. 多篇文献,同一作者 若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号“,”来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。) 例如: 1)A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). 2)Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism b.多篇文献,多位作者 文献依姓氏字母(笔画)、出版年代等顺序排列,不同作者之间用分号“;”分开,相同作者不同年代之文献用逗号“,” 分开。 例如:…(Pautler, 1992; Razik & Swanson, 1993a, 1993b)。 例如:…(董伟,2010;周音,2011a,2011b)。[2]A.Broader,A.M.Frieze,E.Shamir,and E.Upfal(作者姓名),Near-perfect Token Distribution(论文名称), in Random Structures & Algorithms5(1994)(论文发表在的出版物名称(期刊号)或会议名称).又如,[8]F.E.Bustamante and Y.Qiao,Designing Less-structured P2P Systems for the Expected High Churn, in IEEE P2P,2005.本回答被提问者采纳
可以有以下三种写法,具体看你们的参考文献格式要求:
Grout I. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs[M]. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, Ian. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, I. (2011). Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes.
参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下:
M——专著 、C——论文集 、N——报纸文章。
J——期刊文章 、D——学位论文、 R——报告。
对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
可以有以下三种写法,具体看你们的参考文献格式要求:
Grout I. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs[M]. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, Ian. Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes, 2011.
Grout, I. (2011). Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Newnes.
留学生在参考文献的列举,或者可以说是陈列方面有比较多的标注方法,常见的有五种:Harvardreferencingsystem哈佛文献标记系统;CMS:ChicagoManualofStyle(CMS)芝加哥写作和文献标注系统;APAStyle:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation美国心理学会写作和文献标记办法;AMA:AmericanMedicalAssociation美国医学会文献标注系统;MLA:现代语言学会写作和文献标注系统。但是最常用的就是前两种,今天来说一下哈佛文献的注释格式吧!哈佛文献注释体系起源于美国,经过几十年的发展已经成为一种国际性的学术规范,具备了灵活、简洁、清楚的特点,对作者和读者来说都较为方便。它也叫做作者-日期法,每一个引文,无论是直接还是间接都应该分别在两处注明——在文中引用处注明,在全书或是全文最后的参考书目处注明。1、在文中引用处注释。当作者姓名在句子中自然出现,给出作者姓和出版年份,将出版年份在小括号内;当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时,姓和出版年份都放在括号内;被引用的作者在同一年出现了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的炉温,用小写字母abc加以区别,放在年份后面;如果被引用著作有两位作者,要讲两位作者的姓同时给出等。2、在全书(文)后参考书目处注释。所有参考书目以作者姓名的字母顺序排列,一个作者有多本著作时,则按年份先后排列顺序,一个作者一年内有多本著作出版或论文发表,在年份后按月份先后加小写字母abc等加以区别。这样排列的好处是:只有一个按字母顺序排列的参考书目,便于读者查阅;整个文档不需要脚注;便于修改,即使是最后一刻要删去或增加某条注释,可随时增删,不需要重新排序;每个注释只在参考书目中出现一次,而无论它在文中被引用过几次。参考文献标号m——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著)c——论文集n——报纸文章j——期刊文章d——学位论文r——研究报告s——标准p——专利a——专著、论文集中的析出文献z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识:db——数据库cp——计算机程序eb——电子公告非纸张型载体电子文献,在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型:db/ol——联机网上的数据库db/mt——磁带数据库m/cd——光盘图书cp/dk——磁盘软件j/ol——网上期刊eb/ol——网上电子公告一、参考文献著录格式1、期刊作者.题名〔j〕.刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码2、专著作者.书名〔m〕.版本(第一版不著录).出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码3、论文集作者.题名〔c〕.编者.论文集名,出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码4、学位论文作者.题名〔d〕.保存地点.保存单位.年份5、专利文献题名〔p〕.国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期6、标准编号.标准名称〔s〕7、报纸作者.题名〔n〕.报纸名.出版日期(版次)8、报告作者.题名〔r〕.保存地点.年份9、电子文献作者.题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕.文献出处,日期二、文献类型及其标识1、根据gb3469规定,各类常用文献标识如下:①期刊〔j〕②专著〔m〕③论文集〔c〕④学位论文〔d〕⑤专利〔p〕⑥标准〔s〕⑦报纸〔n〕⑧技术报告〔r〕
姓,名第一个字母(大写).(年份).文章名(斜体,每个词首字母大写).(有什么要写的加上).Retrievedfrom网址所谓转引,是指论文作者并没有看到某个文献的原始出版物,而是在另外一个文献中看到的。比chapell在其1998年的某个文献中引用了shepard在1993年发表的文章中的内容。现在论文作者看到的是chapell的文献,而不是shepard的原始文献。如果论文作者希望引用shepard的话,则应该用下面的格式:(shepard,1993:444,citedinchapelle,1998:324).上例中的citedin表示“转引自”
BEIJING -- For Jin Zhenghao, this November has been the most stressful month in his 25 years of life. A financial engineering major at Xiamen University in southeast China's Fujian Province, Jin is desperately trying to find a job before graduating in June 2009. November is when the school gave him time to market himself to potential employers. Jin has sent resumes to nearly 30 companies, resulting in five interviews. So far, he has received no job offers. Related readings: Employment heads towards 'grim situation' Job fairs opened for graduates amid financial crisis China opens nationwide job fairs for graduates Now, Jin is paying 2,000 yuan (US$293) a month to live in Shanghai, the country's financial hub, in hopes of securing more interviews. "Companies either have few job vacancies or simply don't want new people," Jin told Xinhua over the phone. Only a year ago, he added, graduates like him, would end up with job offers from several well-known international or domestic financial companies before graduation. "The situation is obviously very bad this year. The financial crisis is a major reason," said Jin. "I'm really worried." Many financial companies, particularly international big names, have cut employees this year due to overseas problems in stock markets. Jin is not the only one to feel the economic shockwave from the developed world. Thousands of factories which used to manufacture shoes, clothes or toys for export, have been closed or are struggling for survival as foreign orders declined. This not only means there are more unemployed people, but also fewer opportunities for first-time job seekers. Deputy Minister of Human Resources and Social Security Zhang Xiaojian said here on Thursday that 6.1 million college and university students will graduate in the first half of next year. An additional four million college students who graduated in previous years have not found jobs and will also be vying for limited opportunities. "If companies' demand for new employees drops significantly, finding a job will definitely become more difficult for college students," Zhang said. Professor Yue Changjun, an expert on education and economy at Peking University in Beijing, told China Youth Daily that 67,000 private Chinese companies closed in the first half of this year. According to Yue, this is a significant figure because private companies employed 34.2 percent of college graduates last year. "How come I can't find a job?" a Peking University student, anonymously named "Rebecca ycj", asked in a message posted on the university's online forum. The law student said she applied for jobs at several firms, state-owned enterprises, banks and even a news agency, but every time she was refused. Research from 51job.com, a popular job-seeking website in China, showed the financial service, real estate, foreign trade and manufacturing industries were the hardest hit sectors as a result of the economic slowdown. The number of job vacancies in financial services, for example, dropped by 12 percent in the July-November period, compared with the same period of last year. Zhang said the government, schools and students were moving quickly to try to address the difficulties. A total of 259 job fairs are currently underway throughout China. Nearly 30,000 enterprises, government organs and public institutions will offer more than 500,000 jobs at those fairs before November 30, said Zhang. "The major idea is to help college graduates obtain employment information, create more job opportunities and encourage students to work in less developed geographical areas where they are welcomed," he said. Prof. Li Daokui of Tsinghua University said because not all sectors are affected by the recession overseas, the prospect of employment isn't as dire as some people feel. The government announced a 4 trillion yuan stimulus package to boost the economy and domestic demand. "As long as China's economy maintains 9 percent growth, 10 million new jobs can be created every year," Li said. Meanwhile, students are encouraged to think more creatively when applying for jobs, for example, they need to lower their salary expectations or consider working in rural instead of urban areas. In a country with more than 1.3 billion people, college education used to be considered a guarantee for good income, a decent work place and a passport to big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Things have changed now. Jin said financial risk management companies and consulting firms were his first choice for work because entry-level income can be at least 7,000 yuan a month. "Now 5,000 yuan or even lower is acceptable, as long as I work in the financial field," he said. The financial crisis has also made government jobs an unexpected favorite among graduates. A total of 775,000 people applied for a national examination to qualify as government servants. That's the highest number since 1994 and 130,000 people more than applied last year, said Yang Shiqiu, Deputy Minister of Human Resources and Social Security. "Only 13,500 persons will be recruited, meaning less than two in every 100 people will succeed," he said. 以上为CHINA DAILY本回答由提问者推荐
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