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土木工程材料论文 首先选个大概的论文方向，是要写翻译，还是文学，或者别的等等.....然后去学校图书馆找相关的参考书，早点下手，很快会被借走的；然后选定一个大概的题目再去网上搜索相关的论文文章，或者去类似中国学术期刊全文数据库、超星电子图书馆等网站去搜索相关的论文阅读，参考，借用，整合出一篇你自己的论文。
土木毕业设计，有几套，可以做的，计算书，文献翻译，以及图纸，施工组织
刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧 Traditional Construction Procedures As mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procedure is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schedule. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and services. A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general contractor. Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheduled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the owner. Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the homes. Administration of the construction procedure often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schedule. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and construction. Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their trade. During construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent intervals. In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building code. Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procedure for a multistory building. After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway departments. The general contractor plans and schedules construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to proceed. Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out construction. Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted away. Next, the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is drained. Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of personnel. As the building rises, pipes, ducts, and electric conduit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place, Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and cleaned. The owner’s representatives then give the building a final inspection. If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements. 传统的施工程序 众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。 一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。 有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。 还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。 施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。 建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。 在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。 此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。 以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。 建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。 总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。 在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。 承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。 下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。 建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。 由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。 精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。 业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。本回答被提问者采纳我也是土木专业的，把以前我用的那个发给你参考一下。去看邮箱吧。
Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers (Handbook) by Jonathan Ricketts, M. Loftin and Frederick MerrittCivil Engineering Handbook,by W.F.ChenThe Architect's Portable Handbook, by PAT GUTHRIE,McGraw-Hill Company.这些都是PEC土木工程英语证书考试的辅导用书。应该是最好的了。内容覆盖：钢结构、混凝土结构、砌体结构、地基与基础、建筑材料与施工技术。主要考察土木工程类专业术语的阅读与理解。backing up slowly, choosing to leave his gun trained on the man on the floor. As Grouard inchedbackward, he could see the woman across the room raising her UV li
JINEnping. Problem analysis on multi-layer frame construction in steel and concrete.[J].SichuanBuilding Science.2007.18(06):13-22.Leung CKY. Fiber optic sensorsconcrete: the future? NDT&EInternational 2001;34:85–94.
桥梁式集装箱起重机设计113 1．前言………………………………………………………………………32．主要设计内容及参数……………………………………43．主梁结构设计……………………………………………………54．小车机构设计……………………………………………………77．起吊机构设计…………………………………………………116．支架设计……………………………………………………………148．设计小结……………………………………………………………159．主要参考文献…………………………………………………1610.图纸文件设计前言起重机被喻为“巨人之臂”，是广泛用于国民经济各部门进行物质生产和装卸搬运的重要设备。起重机的设计制造，从一个侧面反映了国家的工业现代化水平。我国起重机制造业奠基于20世纪50年代。70年代以来，起重机的类型、规格、性能和技术水平获得很大的发展。近年来在物流和工业企业发展的带动下，起重机行业进入飞速发展时期。起重机主要分为桥梁式、悬臂式、塔式、龙门式、拉索式、液压伸缩臂式等形式。本设计以桥式双梁单小车集装箱起重机为例，介绍起重机的设计思路、设计内容以及设计方法。起重机设计主要根据客户要求，在符合国家标准及机械工业标准中对起重机的要求下进行设计。设计方案的选择主要通过与客户沟通取得一致意见后确定，设计内容主要包括在起重机的实际工作环境下确定起重机的最大额定载荷、非正常载荷（如冲击载荷，风力载荷、震动载荷等）、操纵形式、使用寿命、检修方式以及安全等级等；确定起重机主要零部件的选材以及机加工和材料处理的方法；确定起重机的工作级别；确定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料选择和加工方法。由于桥梁式起重机体积和质量都比较大，所以在设计过程中还应考虑起重机的运输方案和安装方法。一 主要设计内容及参数1、起重机首先要确定的是工作级别本设计的起重机用于集装箱生产制造或物流行业。起吊件为生产下线的集装箱，或物流行业待装货的集装箱，所以都是空箱。起吊重量为5T 根据起重机行业标准，不管是集装箱生产行业还是物流行业都是生产节奏比较快的，因此该起重机的工作级别定为A5级，起吊机构工作级别为M5。2、根据以上所规定级别设置设计内容及参数a.主梁结构 主梁涉及到的主要设计内容或参数主要有：主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、制作方法、主梁上平面的平面度、侧面的平面度和垂直度、主梁应该具有的上拱度，还有主梁上的轨道安装等等。b.支架结构支架需要设计的主要内容和参数包括：截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、制作方法、支腿的垂直度误差、支腿与地面的连接方式等等。c.小车机构小车机构要设计的主要内容和参数包括：小车架设计；起吊机构设计；小车行走机构设计。根据起吊重量设计小车架截面；根据所需要元件的安装位置设计小车架的结构；根据工作级别设计行走机构中电机的功率和类型；根据起吊高度确定卷筒的直径和长度；根据工作级别确定主电机的功率以及减速机的型号。确定其他一些元件的型号。应符合起重机行业标准中的相关内容；控制电路属于电气范畴在此不予讨论。 本文来自: 一流设计吧(www.16sheji8.cn) 详细出处参考： “ target=”_blank“ rel=”nofollow noopener">www.16sheji8.cn/onews.asp?id=1220
1 基本要求
1.1 毕业设计及计算书必须由学生本人独立完成，不得弄虚作假，不得抄袭他人成果。
1.2 计算书应计算正确，数据引用合理可靠，文字内容充实，层次分明，规范工整。
1.3 毕业设计计算书中所使用的计量单位一律采用国际标准单位。
1.4 计算书中的图表应统一标号并注明 。
2 内容要求
2.1 标题 要求简洁、确切、鲜明，有概括性，并要求一人一题。
2.2 摘要 叙述本设计的主要内容、特点，文字要精练。同时有中英文对照，中文摘要约300－500汉字。
2.3 关键词 从说明书标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词，分别附于中、英文摘要后。
2.4 目录 目录应格式规范，标明页码。
2.5 正文 前言、本论、结论三个部分。
（1）前言（引言） 本设计的目的、意义、范围及应达到的技术要求；阐述本设计的指导思想及应解决的主要问题。
（2）本论
1建筑设计
完成方案设计和建筑设计说明书，并绘制施工图。
方案设计包括总平面布置，安排主入口、道路、消防车道及停车场、绿化和景点等。
建筑设计说明书包括：简要的建筑设计说明，如建筑性质、设计依据、建筑概况、建筑高程、总建筑面积、建筑类别、耐火等级、抗震设防烈度、墙体材料及厚度、玻璃厚度及颜色、门窗材料及颜色等。其它需说明的内容如方案的特点、设计构思、疏散组织、平面组合、建筑造型处理等。
2结构设计
完成结构方案布置，进行结构计算，书写设计说明书并绘制施工图。
在建筑方案的基础上，结合现行施工技术水平，进行结构方案设计，包括：确定结构体系，确定缝的划分确定施工方案进行结构布置，根据地质资料及上部结构形式确定基础形式及基础埋深，进行初步估算，确定结构构件尺寸。
详细书写计算说明书，内容包括：确定框架计算简图，荷载计算，荷载组合与内力组合，截面设计、节点区设计及构造设计，电算分析内力并与手算结果对比，地基与基础的设计和计算，自选构件的设计和计算：包括楼梯、雨棚、井式楼盖等。
（3）结论 说明设计的完成情况和价值，分析其优点和特色、有何创新、达到何水平，对存在的问题和今后改进的方向予以阐明。
2.6 参考文献 毕业设计说明书末尾要列出在设计计算中参考过的专著、期刊论文及其他资料（15篇左右），所列参考文献应按论文参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
注明引用文献的方式统一采用“文末注”的方式（以出现的先后次序编号，编号以方括号括起，放在右上角，如[1]，[3～5]）。
参考文献采用国际通用的著录符号，如专著为[M] 、论文为[C]、期刊文章为[J]、学位论文为[D]、论文集论文为[A] ，外文书名及期刊名请用斜体字，若引用文章为电子文献，请注明网址及日期。
没分怎么求因为我本人是金融学专业，所以搜集的数据库大多都是偏经济类金融类的，对于其他专业的同学很抱歉。建议找北京译顶科技，翻译公司大牛
AWS D1.1; AWS D1.3; AWS D1.6
呵呵，在这里发布是很难找到的，建议你上土木工程相关论坛下载或去相关论坛交流同行业人员群。
外文 土木工程 参考文献 毕业设计
