英语缩略语是语用学中经济性原则运用的典型范例。在实际语言运用中，使用得当，有助于成功交际。被视为现代语言中一种常见的语言现象的缩略语，它与人们的生活和工作密切相关。缩略法是现代语言中一种重要的构词手段，由这种构词法创造的新词言简意赅，具有一定的生命力。现代社会随着生活节奏的加快，人们在语言上也追求一种简洁明快的风格，尤其是网络的兴起和发展，网络语言也构成了现代语言的一大成员。在字字是金的网络里，涌现出了大量的网络英语缩略语，壮大了缩略语的队伍。为了节约阅读时间和空间，网络英语不可避免地具备了简约性的特点。简洁、易于记忆的网络英语使网民们无须记忆冗长繁琐的术语或行话，有效提高键盘输入信息的速度，有利于网络信息的传播。因为缩略构词法造词简练，使用简便，所以在网络中人们使用越来越多的缩略语。以网络聊天室里使用的缩略语为例，其构成方法主要表现出以下特点. English contractions are pragmatic principle of economy in the use of typical examples. In the actual in language use, use proper, helps to successful communication. Be regarded as modern language a common linguistic phenomenon of abbreviations, it and people's life and work closely related. Thumbnail method is an important word formation in modem languages means, by this kind of word-formation created new words is concise and has certain vitality. Modern society with the life rhythm speeding up, people in the language and the pursuit of a concise and lively style, especially in the rise and development of the network, the network language also formed one of the members of the modern languages. In utter is gold of network, emerged in a large network English abbreviations, expand the abbreviations team. In order to save reading ?其来源出处？人们什么要这样说？它方便了人们还是使人们阅读时产生困难？它对我们的生活特别是网络生活有着怎样的影响？正面的还是负面的？它代表这哪些年龄段的什么样的心理或者说是什么样的心态？它丰富了我们的语言还是玷污了我们的语言文化？它会不会影响我们的下一代的语言学习？它代表着是网络文化的进步还是退后？由浅入深，由小见大，反应当今社会的一些深层次的东西。这是一个很不错的题材，相信你会写得很出色的。本回答被提问者采纳英语缩略语是语用学中经济性原则运用的典型范例。在实际语言运用中，使用得当，有助于成功交际。被视为现代语言中一种常见的语言现象的缩略语，它与人们的生活和工作密切相关。缩略法是现代语言中一种重要的构词手段，由这种构词法创造的新词言简意赅，具有一定的生命力。现代社会随着生活节奏的加快，人们在语言上也追求一种简洁明快的风格，尤其是网络的兴起和发展，网络语言也构成了现代语言的一大成员。在字字是金的网络里，涌现出了大量的网络英语缩略语，壮大了缩略语的队伍。为了节约阅读时间和空间，网络英语不可避免地具备了简约性的特点。简洁、易于记忆的网络英语使网民们无须记忆冗长繁琐的术语或行话，有效提高键盘输入信息的速度，有利于网络信息的传播。因为缩略构词法造词简练，使用简便，所以在网络中人们使用越来越多的缩略语。以网络聊天室里使用的缩略语为例，其构成方法主要表现出以下特点.会意、传神，如orz
不知道是否符合你说的标准~~1、使用简便、经济 应该说，首字母缩略词首先产生与书面语。当某一个较长的词汇、专业术语或专有名词在文中被重复使用或反复使用时，人们就想到了既节省时间又节省篇幅的办法，将这类词汇、专业术语或专有名词的首字母抽出，组成缩略词。在网络技术非常发达的今天，人们也大量使用首字母缩略词，以达到快捷、省时、省篇幅的目的。2、追求新颖、生动 报刊、杂志记者和撰稿人永远不会忽略其所用词汇的新颖性和生动性，创造如此这般的首字母缩略词也就成为他们所不断追求的时尚。3、语义委婉、含蓄 在现实的生活中，人们经常会遇到使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶既令人恐怖的事物，人类的语言因此也就有了许许多多的禁忌词语与敏感词语，英语也不例外。英语中相当一部分首字母缩略词，就是源于这些禁忌词语与敏感词语的第一个字母，新的缩略词将原词语的语义变得委婉、含蓄。4、掩饰真相，保密 军事装备以及战争战事通常需要人们有意去掩饰事实真相、保守秘密。在某种程度上，英语首字母缩略词可以帮助人们实现这一目的。一个典型的例子就是CS（催泪瓦斯），这个首字母连写词源于两位美国化学家的姓氏，（Corson和Shoughton）的第一个字母，他们就是这种杀伤武器的研制者。如果属于不知情，人们很难从该缩略词本身理解其意。这是语言的一种发展规律
参考资料：/view/7f33b881e53a580216fcfe2a.html
最初好像是为了方便打电报,不想重复太多次同样的字,那就缩呗懒呗第一，可以体现作者的总体思路。提纲是由序码和文字组成的一种逻辑图表，是帮助作者考虑文章全篇逻辑构成的写作设计图。其优点在于，使作者易于掌握论文结构的全局，层次清楚，重点明确，简明扼要，一目了然。第二，有利于论文前后呼应。有一个提纲，可以帮助我们树立全局观念，从整体出发，在检验每一个部分所占的地位、所起的作用，相互间是否有逻辑联系，每部分所占的篇幅与其在全局中的地位和作用是否相称，各个部分之间的比例是否恰当和谐，每一字、每一句、每一段、每一部分是否都为全局所需要，是否都丝丝入扣、相互配合，成为整体的有机组成部分，都能为展开论题服务。经过这样的考虑和编写，论文的结构才能统一而完整，很好地为表达论文的内容服务。本回答被网友采纳
豆丁网有这个论文：国际贸易毕业论文论外贸英语语言特点与翻译技巧下面这个是知网的论文国际贸易英语缩略语及其翻译策略侯雁慧 【摘要】：缩略语在当今国际贸易英语中使用非常广泛,掌握了缩略语的构成规则及其应用,才能正确翻译并使用缩略语。本文首先界定了缩略语的概念,并以大量例子为依据分析了国际贸易英语缩略语的构成方式及应用,最后提出了缩略语的翻译策略。【作者单位】： 辽宁对外经贸学院; 【关键词】： 国际贸易英语 缩略语 翻译策略本回答由提问者推荐
格式论文依次包括封面、目录、英文摘要(abstract)与关键词(key words)、中文摘要与关键词、引言(introduction)、正文、结语(conclusion)和文献目录(works cited)等部分。
封面具体样式参照论文样本页a，封面格式可到外国语学院网站下载，标题居中。如果有副标题，用冒号把英文主、副标题隔开。
正文内容如有需作出特别说明或解释之处以脚注的形式处理，编号格式设置为1,2,3，编号方式设置为每页重新编号，脚注会自动出现在当页正文下。字体采用默认值(小五号)。
扩展资料：
注意事项：
1、作为比较文学与世界文学专业的学位论文，如果对本研究内容的国外研究情况一无所知。或者通过中国人写的论文转述国外关于本课题的研究情况，属于不合格。
2、作为比较文学与世界文学专业的学位论文，应该有一定数量的国外参考文献（原文），并且应该在论文中直接有引用。
3、比较文学与世界文学专业的学位论文，必须属于比较文学与世界文学专业的范围。
参考资料来源：百度百科-论文格式
参考资料来源：百度百科-学位论文
网络时代下英语缩略词的发展（比如短信，msn聊天等导致的英语单词的简化）
English abbreviation: Abbreviation(s) (any abbreviated forms) used for the official English government name, if applicable. "Abbreviation" is being used in the broad sense of the word to refer to any name where a portion of the full name has been dropped. They may include acronyms, short forms, etc. For example, "Business and Fiscal Planning" will appear as an abbreviation of "Business and Fiscal Planning Branch ", and "WIN" as an abbreviation of "Workforce Information Network". In some cases, when an English name has two or more abbreviations, the label [Official/Officielle] appears right beside the official English abbreviation. For example, "TATOA" and "GO Transit" are the abbreviations for "Toronto Area Operating Transit Authority", but only "GO Transit" is considered the official abbreviation and is labelled "GO Transit [Official/Officielle]". A.D. Anno Domini. Used to date years by reckoning the date of Christ's birth, as opposed to B.C., the years "Before Christ." Literally, Anno Domini means "In the year of the Lord." Remember two important notes! Anno Domini does not mean "After Death." (If it did, there would be a thirty-three year gap between 1 BC and the crucifixion thirty-three years later.) Also note the politically correct tendency is to use the abbreviation CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era). These abbreviations are an attempt to avoid the religious connotations of the Latin abbreviation. In spite of the name change, BCE and CE still divide history according to the life of Christ, but CE and BCE may be less offensive (or at least less ethnocentric) to a non-Christian audience.c. circa. Used by historians to show that a date is approximate. Literally, the word means "around," and it is sometimes abbreviated "ca." Usage: Shortly after Henry IV seized the throne from Richard II, Geoffrey Chaucer died (c.1400 A.D.), perhaps due to old age.etc. et cetera. "And so on." This is the one Latin abbreviation most students already know, and the one they tend to overuse. Do note that, since et already means and, it is redundant to write, "and etc." Literally, the Latin phrase means "and other things." Usage: The problems of the Balkan Republics are numerous, including insufficient electric power, poor highways, rampant unemployment, hostile neighbors, etc.e.g. exempli gratia. "For example." Literally, "free as an example." Usage: "We have numerous problems to deal with before reforming welfare policies, e.g., the trade deficit, Medicare, and social security."ib./ ibid. ibidem. "In the same passage or page quoted above." Literally, "In the same place." Usage: "One physicist compared the behavior of quarks to bowling pins (Jones 35). He also indicated that the 'Charm' quark was like a 'bowling ball' (ibid.) due to the way it. . . ."i.e. id est. "That is more precisely." Literally, "it is." Commonly used to refine a general statement or provide additional information. Usage: "Jerry's girlfriend always managed to turn the conversation toward children, i.e., the possibility of having children together; i.e., the possibility of having legitimate children together; i.e., toward the subject of marriage."sic. Indicates a misspelling or error in a quoted source, in order to verify to the reader that the researcher did not create a typographical error, but instead exactly reproduces the way the word or statement appeared in the original material. Literally, "yes" or "even thus" in Latin. Usage: There are, according to the writings of seven-year old Andrew, "Manee wayes of riting words" [sic].Ph. D. Philosophiae Doctor. "Doctor (or Doctorate) of Philosophy." It can refer to the individual as a title, or to the degree itself. Note that it is redundant to write, "Dr. McGillicutty is a Ph. D." Usage: "Joe Bob McGillicutty, Ph. D., is on the committee." Or, "McGillicutty earned his Ph. D. in art history."vs. versus. "Turned against." Often used in abbreviations for legal trials--though "v." is more common. Usage: "In the case of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court eventually decided that abortion was a medical right." Don't confuse the term "vs." with "v.s." (see below). And don't confuse the word versus with verses.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Less Common Foreign Abbreviations (But Still Worth Knowing) a.v. ad valorem. "In proportion to the value of [something else]." Literally, "To the value." Usage: "The monetary worth of the dollar is figured a.v. the price of gold."i.a. in absentia. "In absence." Usage: "With further evidence i.a., it is impossible to provide a definitive answer." Or more commonly, "The criminal who had fled the country was tried and found guilty of murder, i.a."MS. manuscriptum. A document, particularly an ancient or historical manuscript, that was not printed, but rather drawn or written. Literally, "By hand." The term is capitalized when attached to a specific document's title, and the plural form is MSS. In British usage, only the final letter typically has a period. Usage: "MS. Vercilli was found in Northern Italy, and it appears to be written in an Anglo-Saxon dialect."P.S. post scriptum. The abbreviation indicates a last-minute addition to a letter or document. Literally, "After what has been written." Usage: "That's all for now. Take care. Love, John. P.S. Don't forget to write me back!"R.S.V.P. Repondez S'il Vous-Plait. "Please send a response confirming whether or not you will accept the invitation." The abbreviation is French rather than Latin. Literally, "Respond if it pleases you." Note that it is redundant to write, "Please RSVP," since the phrase itself implies "please." Usage: "You are cordially invited to a wine-and-cheese reception at the Bradson's House. RSVP by Thursday afternoon."S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romani. The abbreviation was used in Roman times as a part of official government documentation. Today, the phrase is used to refer generally (and sometimes pompously or ironically) to the power, glory, and bureaucracy of a major nation. Literally, "The Senate and the People of Rome." Usage: "The S.P.Q.R. has spoken, and now American soldiers must obey the call to arms."s.p.s. sine prole supersite. "Without surviving issue." The phrase is used in inheritance laws to indicate that an individual has no children or legal inheritors. Usage: "Since Mrs. Clayton died s.p.s., her six million dollar estate will revert to the City of Portland."t.i.d. ter in die. "Three times a day." Used by older pharmacies and doctors to indicate that a medication should be taken three times a day. Usage: "Aspirin, t.i.d.; call if headaches continue."viz. videlicit. "More appropriately or accurately; namely." The abbreviation is often used interchangeably with i.e. Literally, "As it befits or is pleasing to him." Usage: "He was a minor Duke in the House of Lords, viz. the Duke of Rochester."vide. "Look" or "see." This phrase refers the reader back up to a previous statement or definition within the body of the paper. The must common uses are "vide 63" (which means "see page sixty-three"), v.s. vide supra ("see earlier" or "look above on this page") and v.i. vide infra ("See below" or "Look below"). Don't confuse v.s. (vide supra) with v. or vs. (versus). Usage: "For the definition of the Latin word videlicit, vide supra."N.B.: Nota Bene. The Latin imperative means "Take notice of this very carefully," that is, pay special attention to this part because it is unusually important, tricky, or confusing. Usage: All assignments are due at the beginning of class. N. B.: I lock the door to the classroom once lecture begins.This one has generated *lots* of folklore. The following list ofsuggested origins and info comes from MEU2, from Eric Partridge'sDictionary of Historical Slang (1972 edition, Penguin,0-14-081046-X), and from Cecil Adams' More of the Straight Dope(Ballantine, 1988, ISBN 0-345-34145-2). Thanks to Jeremy Smith forhis help. The abbreviations on cracker boxes, shipping crates,cargoes of rum, et al., became synonymous with quality. "Oll korrect, popularized by Old Kinderhook" is what's given inmost up-to-date dictionaries. The earliest known citation is fromthe Boston Morning Post of 23 March 1839: " [...] he of theJournal, and his train-band, would have the 'contributions box,' etceteras, o.k. -- all correct -- and cause the corks to fly." Thiswas a facetious suggestion by a Boston editor that a Providenceeditor (the Journal mentioned was in Providence) sponsor a party.American "O.K.", abbreviation of Obadiah Kelly, a shipping agentAmerican "O.K.", abbreviation of Old Keokuk, a Sac Indian chiefAmerican "O.K.", contraction of "oll korrect". This was the choice of a British judiciary committee that investigated the matter for a 1935 court case (MEU2), and was further documented by Columbia University professor Allen Walker Read in "The Evidence on 'O.K.', Saturday Review of Literature, 19 July 1941. A vogue for comically misspelled abbreviations began in Boston in the summer of 1838, and spread to New York and New Orleans in 1839. They used "K.G." for "know go", "K.Y." for "know yuse", "N.S." for "nuff said", and "O.K." for "oll korrect".American "O.K.", abbreviation of Orrins-Kendall crackersAmerican "O.K.", abbreviation of Otto Kaiser, American industrialistAmerican "O.K. Club". "O.K." gained national currency in 1840 as the slogan of the "O.K. club", a club of supporters of then President Martin Van Buren, in allusion to his nickname, "Old Kinderhook" -- Van Buren was born in the village of Kinderhook, N.Y.Choctaw (h)oke = "it is so"English opposite of "K.O." ("knock out")English "of Katmandu"English "open key"English "optical kleptomaniac"English "our kind"Ewe (West African)Finnish oikeaFrench Aux Cayes, a place in Haiti noted for excellence of its rumFrench aux quais, stencilled on Puerto Rican rum specially selected for exportGerman ordnungsgemaess kontrolliert "properly checked"German letters of rank appended to signature of OberkommandantGreek olla kalla = "all good"Latin omnia correcta = "all correct"Mandingo (West African) = o ke "that's it", "all right"Occitan oc = "yes" (Occitan or Langue d'Oc is so called because it uses oc where French uses oui.)Scots och aye! "oh yes"Tewa oh-ka(n) = "come here", "all right"Wolof (West African) "waw kay" = "yes indeed". Supported by Prof. J. Weisenfeld, professor of African and African-American religion at Columbia University. It was shown by Dr Davis Dalby ("The Etymology of O.K.", The Times, 14 January 1971) that similar expressions were used very early in the 19th century by Negroes of Jamaica, Surinam, and South Carolina: a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816 records a Negro as saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no need be fright, we no want to hurt him." The use of "kay" alone is recorded in the speech of black Americans as far back as 1776; significantly, the emergence of O.K. among white Americans dates from a period when refugees from southern slavery were arriving in the north. Queried about the Dalby citations, Merriam-Webster EditorialDepartment told me: "A word pronounced approximately 'kai' is anexpression of surprise or amusement in Jamaican Creole and in SeaIslands Creole (Gullah). If you take into account the pronunciationand meaning, you'll see that it does not fit 'okay' eithersemantically or phonetically. There is nothing in the history of'O.K.' or 'okay' that suggests it has an African-American origin."
E-I-C editor-in-chief
商务英语缩略，，词及其翻译技巧的 ，您，任务书，能帮的，英语专业写起来比较麻烦，不可能有人给你白写的，还是自己动动脑筋写吧，如写作实在有困难可以找人帮忙，是我同学介绍我的，找的天下文库，她们帮我做的。还不错，希望你也都能顺利通过。
近年来，很多英语缩略词进入了汉语的使用中。确实，它简捷又方便。 但因为使用上的不规范，造成了误导民众的后果。 它的结构比较简单， 当代年轻人就仿造了许多字母词, 这些词被大量用于网络中。 如MM=妹妹, GG=哥哥, BB=宝贝。2010年， 中央电视台申明和禁止在电视节目中使用这些词， 鼓励对这些词进行恰当的翻译后再进入汉语词汇，反对不加翻译直接运用。 对这些词的限制与规范，是维护汉语纯洁性的重要举措。 In recent years, many English acronyms have entered the use of Chinese. Indeed, it is simple and convenient. However, because of the non-standard use, it has caused misleading public consequences. Its structure is relatively simple, contemporary young people imitate many alphabetic words, these words are used extensively in the network. Such as MM = sister, GG = brother, BB = baby.In 2010, CCTV affirmed and forbade the use of these terms in television programs to encourage proper translation of the terms into Chinese terms and to oppose the direct application without translation. Limiting and regulating these words is an important measure to maintain the purity of Chinese.
缩略 英语 报刊 论文
