论文开题报告基本要素
标题
开题摘要
目录
介绍
文献综述
研究问题与假设
方法论
工作安排
预期结果和结果的意义
暂定论文章节大纲
参考文献列表
各部分撰写内容
标题
论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。
开题摘要
摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：
问题陈述
研究的基本原理
假设
建议使用的方法
预期的结果
研究的意义
目录
目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。
介绍
这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。
文献综述
这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。
研究问题与假设
这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product 2 2 some advantage will possibly be shown in this study4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts 2 suggestions on further research efforts will be made also) 0 000英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product 2 2 some advantage will possibly be shown in this study4 case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts 2 suggestions on further research efforts will be made also) 0 000附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods”(wilss, 1982: 217)‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60） 附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)wilss, wolfram gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982 a textbook of translationdelabastita, dirk target, 1991(3:2):137-152cn/INFO/Study/PracticalData/ThePracticeReports/09265456 Some major applications of （topic） include speech processing, e [1]-[3], Video Surveillance, e [4], [5], biomedical image processing, e [6], and sensor fusion, e [7], [8]【第二段】以前类似的研究，以及它们的不足之处。格式如下:Different approaches have been utilized for (topic)ggg Each of these approaches has its strengths and limitations However, (limitations) However, (limitations) However, (limitations)针对（某某研究）已经提出了很多种方法。这些方法包括方法A[ ]，方法B[ ]和方法C[ ]。每种方法都有其优势和劣势。方法A（优势），但是（劣势）。方法B（优势），但是（劣势）。方法C（优势），但是（劣势）。没有一种方法可以完全解决XXX问题。【第三段】针对以前研究的不足之处（或者没有解决的问题），本文做出的改进。格式如下:In order to (solve XX problem), (a new approach ) has been used为了解决XX问题，本文提出了一种XXX的方法。（XXX方法的概括描述）。【第四段】罗列本文主要创新点。格式如下:This paper differs from the previous papers by the following aspect: 1) (The first different); 2) (The second different); 3) (The third different) The dataset of XXX is described in Section Ⅱ The experimental results are then reported in Section Ⅳ本文剩下的部分是这样组织的。第二章描述了XXXX（一般是数据集，或者以前的方法）。第三章介绍了本文提出的XX方法和其技术细节。第四章报告了实验结果并作出了分析。第五章总结了全文。[1]H Kehtarnavaz, "Determining Number of Speakers from Single Microphone Speech Signals by Multi-Label Convolutional Neural Network,"IECON 2018 - 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Washington, DC, 2018, pp[2]Y Long, X Wei, M Ye and H 20, no[3] H Long and H19, no[4] H Kehtarnavaz, "Semi-Supervised Faster RCNN-Based Person Detection and Load Classification for Far Field Video Surveillance," Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, vol 3, pp[5] H Laszewski and N 1-4 Wei, A Kehtarnavaz," A Deep Learning-Based Smartphone App for Real-Time Detection of Retinal Abnormalities in Fundus Images," SPIE conference of Real-Time Image Processing and Deep Learning, Baltimore,May 2019 Wei, R Kehtarnavaz, “Fusion of Video and Inertial Sensing for Deep Learning–Based Human Action Recognition,” Sensors, vol 17, p 2019 Wei and N首先要知道引言所处的地位。这里的地位有两个意思，一是在文中的具体位置，二是起着什么作用。1、引言是在文章的起始部分，文章的Introduction就像开门见山一样重要，在整个文章中应该是最主要的部分了。大多老师都喜欢看文章的开头，其他正文部分甚至都不一样看得很仔细，开头如果很吸引人了，印象分自然是不会低的。2、当导师看了文章的标题之后，先根据Essay论题是否科学、是否可行、是否有创新性来决定如何阅读文章的Introduction5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2 从页顶、底、边算起，页边空白为63 所有地方均使用1 英文字体使用Courier 或Times NewRoman，中文正文字体使用宋体，字号为5号，论文封面标题使用3号粗体或黑体。4 页码开始于标题页，即封面。6一系列连续的单独段落用阿拉伯数字引导，数字后面使用圆点，每一段末都用句号。本回答被提问者采纳
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道 Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句的原因是First,……Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to us它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our life我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in息息相关） 十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that glitters条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half done失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of success勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it However, different people hold different attitudes towardIt does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________ 最近，_______问题已引起人们的关注，然而，人们的态度各不相同，很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问，对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处（好处）。我十分赞同这一论述_________________，主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________.它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点，把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然，现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。标题摘要关键词正文追答
参考文献
范文 格式 英语论文 引言
