阮文长[1]（2021）在《防治船舶垃圾污染海洋环境法律研究》文中进行了进一步梳理《1978年议定书修订的1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》（《MARPOL 73/78》）,《1982年联合国海洋法公约》（《UNCLOS 1982》）,《1972年防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》及其《1996议定书》（《London Convention 1972 and London Protocol 1996》）是预防和控制船舶造成海洋污染的重要国际公约。《UNCLOS 1982》指出多种海洋环境污染源,如陆地污染物、石油开采、油类泄漏、船舶运营等。其中海洋污染的最大来源是船舶的开采。《MARPOL 73/78》中确定了 6种海洋环境污染源,包括油类污染、有毒液体物质污染、有害物质污染、生活污水污染、垃圾污染以及空气污染,其中油类污染一直是国际研究的热点,而其它的污染源则较少受到关注,船舶垃圾污染就是一个典型的例子。研究表明,船舶在航行过程中会产生大量废物,尤其是塑料废物。这种类型的废弃物不仅导致海洋生物死亡,还破坏了海岸环境,损害过往船舶交通安全,并对人类健康产生不利影响。而越南水域处于重要的国际海上航线,每天都有大量船舶穿越或进出越南海港,同时有大量越南货船和渔船在国内水域行驶。因此,船舶垃圾造成的海洋污染成为了越南面临的一大海洋环境风险。为了防治垃圾造成的海洋污染,中国,美国和澳大利亚不仅制定了国内法规,而且还积极参加相关的国际公约,并将国际公约的规定转化为国内法。而到目前为止,越南在这方面的相关法律仍然存在缺陷与不足。首先,越南尚未制定专门法律来解决船舶垃圾造成的海洋环境污染问题。其次,延迟加入和执行国际公约也被认为缺陷之一。越南直到2014年才成为《MARPOL 73/78》附则五的成员国,而其他国家在该附则生效后即成为成员国。自加入以来,尽管越南为执行该公约付出了大量努力,但并未取得预期的效果。最后,《1972年防止倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》及其《1996议定书》也是防治船舶垃圾污染重要国际公约,但目前越南对是否加入态度仍不明确?本文主要研究国际公约和各国国内法律,比较各国对公约的加入和执行情况。根据公约中的相关规定和各国宝贵经验,对完善越南相关法律提出了具体建议,同时为防治船舶其它污染源危害海洋环境法律的完善与后续研究奠定基础。具体而言,论文由引言、正文以及结论三个部分组成。引言部分阐述了本文的选题背景.然后对国内外船舶垃圾污染防治的相关成果进行了分析。概述了船舶废弃物可能对海洋环境、海洋动物乃至人类健康造成的潜在危害。此外,笔者还收集了国际上海洋环境废弃物排放有关数据。同时,本部分还讨论了防治塑料废弃物的国际和区域公约,以及法律在越南防治船舶垃圾造成海洋污染方面的作用。最后,本章对研究目标、研究方法、研究意义和论文组织结构进行了说明。正文第一章对越南现有的防治船舶垃圾造成海洋污染相关法律进行了重点研究。此外,作者提出了越南法律的局限性和不足之处,并指出了完善越南防治船舶垃圾造成海洋污染法律的完善方向。正文第二章对《1982年联合国海洋法公约》防治船舶垃圾污染海洋环境内容进行了分析。首先,对相关公约的立法背景及其在防治船舶垃圾造成海洋污染问题的重要性进行了阐明。其次,笔者着力于分析和比较越南同其他国家（如中国、澳大利亚和美国）对国际公约的实施情况。此外,对越南在这些公约的实施过程中所取得的成就和局限性进行了阐明。最后,通过上述分析指出越南有必要完善这一领域的法律。正文第三章的首要任务是分析《MARPOL 73/78》关于防治船舶垃圾造成海洋污染的规定。第二项任务是分析和比较该公约在越南和其他国家的加入和执行情况。通过上述分析和比较,突显了越南实施国际公约的缺陷。最后,相关国家参加和执行国际公约的经验对于越南迅速完善该领域立法具有宝贵的借鉴意义。正文第四章着重分析《1972年防治倾倒废弃物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》规定,同时分析并比较该公约在越南和其他国家的加入和实施情况。通过上述分析和比较并结合第二章的内容,笔者指出了越南在这一领域的法律制度缺陷,这将成为下一章提出改进建议的基础。正文第五章建立在前述几章的综合分析和比较基础上。一方面,笔者为越南提供了详细的法律修改建议,以完善防治船舶垃圾造成海洋环境污染法律。另一方面,为了有效地执行国际公约,越南需要制定一项专门的船舶垃圾污染防治法规。结论部分论述了论文的内容、主要贡献以及对未来研究的建议。
MEHRAN IDRIS KHAN[2]（2020）在《中巴环境法比较研究 ——执法与未来路径》文中研究指明该研究概述了国内环境法和国际环境法的含义,特别着重于比较中国和巴基斯坦的发展状况,环境条件,立法,政策含义或执行机制。该研究讨论了有关国际或区域法律文书以及区域或全球环境问题。该研究方法采用定性方法来比较两国的环境法律及其关键要素,以促进其实施并实现今世后代可持续性地利用环境。该研究指出该地区国际、跨界和区域环境法的制定和实施在国家或地区之间差异很大。这些差异是由于每个区域集团内不同的经济环境,政治历史,文化态度和殖民影响所致。其反映了法律和政策方法的碎片化,致使该区域的环境法律和政策制度仍然不完整,并且鉴于环境无边界以及共同的责任,需要明确共同的生态目标。相比之下,美国-加拿大-墨西哥、挪威和比利时等世界其他地区在环境事务上彼此之间具有法律合作,例如通过将环境问题纳入其贸易协定以保持区域环境清洁和可持续。中国巴基斯坦经济走廊（CPEC）之下的大型基础设施和工业发展很可能会对巴基斯坦的环境产生全面影响,并且也可能以与该地区先前烟雾问题相同的方式影响中国。两国有必要突然开展法律合作,共同应对这些环境挑战。在这种情况下,作为邻国,中国和巴基斯坦有诸如CPEC的大型联合开发项目,因此有必要将保护环境作为共同的责任,以实现共同的生态目标。该研究旨在找出两国环境法律和政策的相对优势。通过了解环境政策的形成或含义,分析以前实践中的经验教训,并分析或讨论包括环境问题、导致环境管理问题的因素以及理解实施更好解决方案的障碍。研究结果有助于了解两国环境立法的政治或法律结构,并有助于解决与环境法实施和执行有关的问题,例如实施不力。该研究以有关环境的司法、社会、立法、行政和教育措施作为结论,随后提出了在两国有效实施环境法律和政策的适当建议。该研究还得出结论,尽管政府部门被赋予了更多的裁量权对违反环境规则者采取法律行动,但两国执法机构之间的效率差距是不可忽略的。建议加强环境税网,并在税网中考虑二氧化碳排放量因素。该研究还建议建立环境非政府组织,建立专门的环境部门、法院和法庭,在两国大学中开展交流计划,转让技术,例如生产可再生和清洁能源的技术,并从以下领域汲取经验:成功的法律影响和法律移植,环境律师的双边交流,改善环境知识以提高对污染的认知,加强公众参与以及环境公益诉讼,制定统一的商业法规并将环境方面作为基本理解贸易协定并将其转换为“优惠”贸易协定,为CPEC等联合大型项目开发具有气候适应力的基础设施,提高国内、区域和国际环境法、协定和条约之间的一致性,为监测、规划或管理以及影响评估活动而制定环境或气候变化政策以应对共同面临的环境（国内和跨界）挑战。
Abatihun Admass Abate[3]（2019）在《Water Pollution Control in Ethiopia: a Comparative Study》文中指出Due to the increased demand and decreased supply of fresh water,increasing urbanization,industrialization,irrigation agriculture,population growth and general economic development,water pollution problems are affecting Ethiopia in each corner.This thesis has studied how water pollution is managed in Ethiopia in law and practice,through the application of cases from international and national legal instruments,with a comparative approach.The thesis addressed questions,like "how effective is the legal and organizational framework of water pollution control,how is water pollution managed in the case study and the role of public participation and access to information for water pollution control.So as to address those issues,the thesis has applied different arguments.In the course of the thesis,the main factors responsible for failing to control water pollution are identified.Among those factors low political commitment towards water pollution control,lack of enforcement of relevant environment laws to control the impact,poor cooperation and lack of capacity of environmental protection organs,less public participation and access to information,lack of awareness on the side of the affected communities.The fundamental right to have a clean and healthy environment,the right to improved living standards and the right to sustainable development are barley known by the general public which plays its own role for the less participation of the public in the environmental decision making process and water pollution control.Considering the less effectiveness of the legal framework for the water pollution control,the thesis has recommended that The government should integrate water pollution control laws/environmental protections in other sectorial laws,i.e.investment law,mining,energy,etc.,clearly define environmental standards,cooperate with the health sector laws and come up with an effective standard.The government must enact detail laws a means by which citizens have to participate in environmental decision making process,how the citizens access environmental information’s,and how to access justice in case of the right of citizens’ infringed and environmental damage/water pollution is sustained so that the potential polluters are accountable for their deeds
Dafina Daniel Ndumbaro[4]（2019）在《坦桑尼亚油气投资合同：批判性分析》文中进行了进一步梳理自21世纪前十年的油气大发现以来,坦桑尼亚政府随之改革了法律和制度。不过,投资方面的改革并不稳定,政府在油气投资中的分成也较少。这种不稳定性及较少分成是由于油气投资合同的谈判、起草和管理不佳。尽管前人揭示了这些问题,但暂无关于坦桑尼亚的此类研究。在此背景下,本文研究了坦桑尼亚的油气投资合同,旨在识别现有缺陷及其对投资行为的影响。为了使研究更贴近现实,本文聚焦于合同法和投资法。在合同方面,本文分析了政府如何就油气问题进行谈判、起草及管理合同。本文进一步研究了所有权的概念以及产权的处置和转移,从而探讨坦桑尼亚投资合同中的不稳定性和分成较少问题。在投资方面,本文研究了相关的投资法,从而确定缺陷所在。在寻找稳定性和分成提高的障碍时,关于油气投资的法律规定提供了思路。在广义的油气投资上,本文探讨了生产谈判及政府的角色。本文进一步研究了部分制度在投资合同履行中的现实作用。该部分研究对于油气投资合同的综述,基于现有法律、书籍、论文、网络资料、周期性指标以及公开的生产合同范本。本文应用了宪法托管的（constitution trusteeship）理论以及Austin的所有权理论。(constitution trusteeship理论指出,政府是自然资源的托管方,代表公众利益,即公众是自然资源的所有者。根据Austin的产权理论,公众是所有者,对财产有处置权（售卖、出租或转移）。本文认为,谈判是合同形成的首要条件,因此,生产投资合同的谈判应慎之又慎。本文指出,油气产业的生产投资所存在的问题包括:在与投资方的谈判中,缺乏有经验的谈判专家;公众是自然资源的所有者,因而需要参与合同事宜,但在投资合同的形成过程中,缺乏公众参与。本文进一步指出,由于缺乏对政府行为的监督和制衡,如果政府职能过多,那么,将发生利益冲突和权力滥用。同时,本文提供了政府可能导致利益冲突和权力滥用的案例。结论进一步表明,政府的过多职能将对合同的稳定性产生负面影响。此外,本文发现了法律和政治行为如何危害坦桑尼亚的油气投资。通过研究法律和政治影响投资合同的实例,本文以案例研究的方式指出了一系列问题。本文指出,尽管推行了油气制度改革,但制度缺乏确保油气部门平稳运作并降低监管成本的联动机制。最后,针对有意在坦桑尼亚进行油气开发的外国投资者,本文提出了指导性建议。这些建议旨在概括性地告知外国投资者,在与政府签订合同时,应考虑哪些事前事后因素。为了最小化稳定性和分成的问题,也为了在坦桑尼亚油气领域建立投资友好的环境,本文提出了几条建议,包括法律、合同以及行政的干预措施。法律干预包括但不限于修订或扩充油气投资法案的条款。合同干预包括但不限于审阅和扩充政治风险保障条款、使用权安全保障条款、谈判指导原则以及类似《2013年生产合作协议范本》第9条第4款第8项（Article 9（ix）（h）of Model Production Sharing Agreement 2013）的合同条款解释。行政干预包括但不限于提高本地人员在政府谈判中的能力。本文还建议,在合同起草之初,公众应参与其中,从而减少对政府的不满,并创建投资的有利条件,促进投资的稳定性。政府应建立一站式服务中心以及内部电子协调机制,从而改善对油气部门的管理。应重塑政府在投资中的角色,将利益冲突降到最低,从而改善对油气部门的管理。本文指出,法律、合同以及行政干预能够最小化坦桑尼亚投资中的不稳定和分成过少问题。
Yuliannova Lestari[5]（2019）在《印度尼西亚海上安全部在佐科寡妇管理；非法、未报告和无管制（IUU）捕鱼案》文中指出非法捕捞对印度尼西亚来说是一个严重的问题,其对生态、社会和经济造成了重大的损失。在生态方面,非法捕捞导致鱼类数量正在锐减、海洋生态环境遭到破坏、某些物种灭绝等问题。从经济角度来看,印度尼西亚每年因非法捕捞损失40亿美元。这件事情还导致地区冲突升级、失业率上升和沿海地区的贫困率不断上升等问题。解决非法捕鱼这一问题面临着许多严峻挑战,包括一个拥有超过17,000个岛屿的国家与超过200平方海里的大面积专属经济区（EEZ）的地理复杂性。印度尼西亚政府缺乏在印度尼西亚水域进行监视的设施、技术以及人力资源。这项研究的目的是回答有关佐科政府有关印度尼西亚海事安全战略的问题:非法、不报告和不管制（IUU）捕捞的情况,这种情况影响其与邻国的友好关系。这项研究还有望为印度尼西亚领海内出现的问题提供解决办法,并解释印度尼西亚作为一个海洋国家要成为一个强大的海洋国家需要什么。本作者者使用了案例研究的定性方法,也使用了初级资料和次级资料。本作者使用案例研究时考虑到这种设计允许本作者更多地集中在分析一个时间间隔或政策时期上。从研究中可以推断出三个主要因素。首先,政府更可能烧毁和沉船,而不是没收国有资产,这一行动被认为能够为非法捕鱼的罪犯提供威慑作用。其次,印度尼西亚与邻国在打击IUU捕鱼和巡逻渔场方面建立了合作关系,但冲突仍在继续,这被证明是无效的。最后,印度尼西亚政府实施了“鱼贼下沉”政策,2017年印度尼西亚海洋食品出口量较2016年增长7%,同期出口额增长17%。
Nabaat Tasnima Mahbub[6]（2019）在《公平原则及其比例要素：探索其在国际水道法中的作用》文中提出在国际水道法领域,最核心的讨论始终围绕这样一个问题,即共享国际水道的国家将如何同意或不同意对这种宝贵而稀缺自然资源的分配。对于这个问题,国际法以国家主权与主权平等的概念为指导。在这些概念基础上,有限领土主权原则已成为国际水道资源使用与分配的最普遍、最主导的理论。该理论构成了公平合理利用原则的基础,而公平合理利用原则是国际水道法中的根本性、主导性规则。该原则的轮廓则由公平理念所界定,后者又是跨境水协定中十分常用的概念。公平合理利用原则的核心目标即在于,在充分考虑相关情况及因素以后,可以如何在主权国家之间公平分配其在共享水道中的资源与利益。因此,理解公平理念在国际水道法中的角色,对于促进国际水道资源的公平公正分配与利用至关重要。有大量文献探讨公平理念在国际法中的一般作用,包括其在共享自然资源分配中的特殊作用。鉴于公平合理利用原则试图基于模糊且灵活的公平理念来分配国家的权利,且相关研究并不充分,探讨公平在国际水道法中的具体作用具有必要性。本文的目的即是探讨公平原则在国际水道资源的分配与利用中的具体作用。为实现此目的,本文首先考察公平理念在国际法中的一般作用,进而探讨公平理念在国际水道法中的特定作用。尽管公平合理利用原则是国际水法中的主导性规则,但仍然面临一些批判。其在主要国际法律文书中的措辞与表述十分模糊,难以为该原则设立的初衷提供有效指引,因而饱受批评。在公平合理利用原则的常用表述中,要求对诸如地理、社会、经济、环境及其他因素进行全面的考虑与评估;对此,公平理念的作用即为在上述因素之间进行公正权衡的步骤。学界通常认为,现有公平合理利用原则在当前全球淡水资源使用冲突日益加剧的背景下,难以为利益平衡提供有效的指导。在认识到此原则局限性的基础上,本文探讨公平理念的比例概念在平衡上述因素间关系中的作用,及其在确保水资源的分配与水道国间需求、利益和环境之间关系的效果。比例原则在国际法的多个领域被用于平衡利益或要素间的冲突,且在海洋划界领域尤为突出。在北海大陆架案中,国际法院将比例原则作为公平理念的重要因素,自此其他海洋划界争议案件皆遵循此做法。由于比例原则仅能适用于争议国之间的地理事实,其在海洋案件中的实践具有局限性。但是,在国际水道法中多种因素的考量皆依据公平合理利用原则,因此比例原则能够被广泛适用。本文旨在通过探讨比例原则在公平合理利用原则中平衡各要素与利益的作用,为现有国际水道法理论做出贡献。公平和合理利用原则的两个重要推论是“公平利益分享”和“公平参与”,在1997年《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》（1997 UNWC）第5条及相关国际公约中有所体现。本文在“公平利用”、“公平利益分享”、“公平参与”语境下,将比例原则作为公正理念的要素,探讨其在国际水道法中的作用。
MD MEHEDI HASAN[7]（2019）在《论WTO体制特殊与差别待遇条款的有效性及其促进发展的机制》文中进行了进一步梳理如果多边贸易体制能以制度方式顾及所有参与者的需要,那么它的有效运行将无疑为所有参粤者提供美好前景。尽管这一愿景十分诱人-相互关系,互惠和非歧视等基本原则继续保持其在多边贸易体制核心支柱的角色-但是“一刀切”的做法并不可取。公平并不仅仅指规则的平等适用,更重要的是,它也要求对那些在规则平等适用下可能陷入更不利地位的那些参与者予以适当考虑。无论非歧视,相互关系和互惠等原则在多边贸易体制中将以何种形式存在,只要WTO成员间经济和工业发展水平方面的不平等现象仍然存在,就有必要对部分贸易体系的基本规则进行调整,以使得各国在参与国际贸易方面实现有效的平等。虽然WTO不是一个发展组织,但它始终认为,对所有成员的有效纳入能使这一机构更具一致性,可以处理不同经济发展水平的需求和关切。特殊与差别待遇（SDT）提供了这样一种方法,通过承认发展中国家在特定语境下的独特需求,它可以促进这些国家发展。尽管各种WTO协议中有大量的SDT条款,但发展中国家一直对SDT条款的有效性和可操作性表示担忧。由于这类条款缺乏执行机制,且具有非强制性和法律不稳定性,发展中国家总是尝试寻求替代方法,即区域贸易安排以实现其利益。但是,采取积极措施解决这些问题并使SDT条款更为有效,总不会为时太晚。发展中国家认为,这些新的安排并非是反对贸易自由化、而是增加和促进自由化的积极创新。本文引入了一个基于“条约有效性”理论的分析框架,并将其应用于SDT条款,尝试使该类条款更加有效和可操作。本文认为,条约效力蕴含了三个基本机制,即目的和宗旨解释,合法性和遵约机制。国家可能出于各种原因遵守条约,但如果条约未能实现其目标,该条约仍可能是没有实效的。当我们解释SDT条款时,应当结合WTO的下述目标仔细审查,即消弭成员间失衡,消除影响贸易自由的因素及实现更好的一体化。只有当一个规则是依据正当程序创设和适用时才能被认为具有合法性,而且这个规则应当促进被规制对象的自愿遵守。因此,本文还评估了 WTO的决策过程,并提出了如何使其对SDT条款而言更具可操作性和透明度的建议。考察机制的有效性的最重要途径之一是考察其遵约机制。在本文中,它还试图证明现行的遵约机制是一种执行模式,它应当被管理模式所取代,以获得更好的结果,以及使得SDT条款更有效。本文对WTO体制SDT条款的分析和评估表明,关于一个机制的重新定位的认识是有时效性的,应该通过不断发展的对贸易与发展之间联系的理解以及消除不同发展中国家面临的制约因素来获取。
Moe Cho[8]（2018）在《A Study on the Law of Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar》文中认为本文主要是研究缅甸的法律体系、缅甸对于外商投资法的进一步修订,以及在缅甸不同的政治体系变革时期外商投资法的发展问题。本文致力于向在缅甸进行投资活动的外国投资者提供有关缅甸政治体系的变革以及其对于FDI法律修订的信息。本文反映了缅甸对于外国投资法律的法制改革,为缅甸投资创造了有利的条件,且本文含盖缅甸对外国投资者的法律保护的条文集合。在本文中,研究了关于发布许可证并制定投资激励政策的缅甸投资机构的相关最新信息。通过逐步修订投资法和其他投资相关法律,缅甸投资相关的社会公共机构对向外国投资者在其设立公司和企业的过程中提供必要协助,起到了积极有效的参与作用,使得外国投资者的公司和企业能够快速摆脱繁文缛节等不必要的麻烦。由于缅甸投资法在制定时结合了之前的外国投资法和缅甸国民投资法,最新的规范和法规如同附属法规一般有必要为外国投资者所了解。在最新的投资法中,由于有吸引外国投资者的意向,其涉及外国投资者招商权（比如土地租赁权）和外国投资者待遇等的条文,在制定上与国际标准和规范相符。不同于目前对缅甸来说极其重要的投资相关的法律,对于在缅甸设立公司和引进投资的基本法律需求显得并不那么突出。有关商业活动组织形式的区分在缅甸2016年新投资法中进行了区分。缅甸在制定新投资法的过程中不可避免的要遇到在来自国际公约的执行、BIT以及多边贸易带来的挑战。缅甸经历了来自不同行政当局带来的不同政治和经济变革。最近的经济体系方针在1988年与政治体系改革方针一起开始实施,意在与发展成为一个发达国家。近年来,缅甸采取了建立面向市场经济的逐步经济改革,并在提高贸易便利化、贸易自由度和投资交易额的基础上进行法律改革。本课题的目标是缅甸有关（外商投资）FDI法律架构的最新司法实践。本课题也致力于在外国投资者初步了解缅甸有关FDI的法律框架后,向对缅有投资意向的外国投资者提供法律信息。为了完成这些目标,本论文用八个章节重点研究缅甸关于FDI的政治和司法体系、关于FDI的基本法律、外国投资者的合法权益、外国投资者的法律义务、FDI法律的效果以及缅甸在WTO框架和投资条约下的法律改革。第一章,本章通过研究缅甸政治、经济和法律变革的基本情况来回顾了缅甸政治和司法体系的内容。主要目的是了解在此政治和经济体系下,对于外商投资的看法及态度。第二章,本章通过研究基础实体法、一些其他法律法规、政府规章和缅甸投资协定中的部分条文,进一步研究了缅甸关于FDI的主要国内法律。在2008年宪法制定前后,两种主要涉及外商直接投资和其他种类投资的法律在吸引外商的过程中起到了主要的作用。另外,相关法律法规在外商对缅投资行业建设的进程中也是不可或缺的一部分。本论文亦意在于研究缅甸国内法律在外商对缅投资项目和吸引外商投资的过程中起到的重要作用。第三章,本章通过研究缅甸涉及FDI投资项目的政府机构的组建情况和具体责任,概述了这些机构的基本情况。负责签发投资许可证的主要政府机构,依据投资数量和投资企业的地点,从工会级别到州或地区级别都有分布。主要的研究目的是了解政府机构在行使管理外商投资问题的相关职权中的重要性。第四章,本章主要通过研究公司设立、取得MIC许可、投资惯例和转让申请等程序,研究在外商投资中的法律需求。设立公司与在缅投资的基本法律需求略有不同,且商业活动的形式在2016新缅甸投资法中进行了区分。本课题致力于发现外商投资的基本程序并指出在进行外商投资项目中可调整和不可调整的程序问题。第五、六章也通过研究2016新MIL和其他涉及FDI的法律,提供了外商在缅投资过程中的合法权利和法律义务的具体内容。在此法律框架下,缅甸履行了WTO和世界银行指导方针中规定的国际义务,在某些特定情况下为外商提供国民待遇及福利,并向外国法人提供大量优厚的税收奖励。但,外国法人不仅只享受特权以及税收奖励,还需承担缅甸现存法律所规定的部分法律义务。论文的这两部分主要比较并发掘外国投资者在2016新MIL与之前的投资法中的合法权益以及法律义务的不同之处。并同时指出这些合法权益的优点和劣势,找到外国法人履行法定义务时的困难之处。第七章,本章主要通过研究缅甸外商投资者的优势以及法律上的困难,来具体展现缅甸投资法的成果。目前缅甸对于政治、经济和司法方面的改革反映了缅甸政府对于提升本国投资市场地位的美好愿景,邻国同时在简化缅甸投资流程、为外国投资者减少困难障碍等方面提供了帮助。本章主要想指出对缅投资者的优势以及存在的法律上的困难。第八章,通过研究WTO框架以及缅甸投资协定并引用中国投资法,本章探索缅甸针对FDI进行的司法改革。缅甸政府正努力在双边和多边贸易条约问题上加快改革步伐,尤其针对其经济和投资伙伴中国。此改革意在于在未来不影响到履行WTO和BITs义务的基础上,实现贸易双赢的局面。
Thin Thin Oo[9]（2018）在《Research on the Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Myanmar》文中提出本文试图通过对缅甸外资和国家投资争端解决机制的研究,寻求一种较为完善的缅甸外资和国家投资争端解决机制。投资争端解决机制不仅关系到对外国投资者和外资的保护,而且涉及到国家投资部门的发展,如果不能系统地处理投资争端,那么投资发展将会衰退。因此,投资争端的解决对投资制度的稳定起着至关重要的作用。关于外国投资者和国家争端解决机制的现行法律是2016年的《缅甸投资法》,主要法规是2017年的《缅甸投资法规》。根据法律法规的相关规定,外国投资者和国家争端解决机制鼓励发展和平解决机制,只有在和平解决机制无法解决争端时,才会启动诉讼和仲裁机制。此外,《缅甸投资法》规定了国际条约的优先权,“如果本法的任何规定与缅甸联邦共和国通过的国际条约和协定中规定的任何事项相抵触,则应遵守国际条约和协定中所载的规定。”从总体上来说,外国投资者与国家争端解决机制具有优越性,也更符合国际标准。然而在实践中,外国投资者与国家争端解决机制在国内和国际机制中都存在一些不可避免的问题。对于国内机制而言,其存在的主要问题是外国投资者与国家争端解决机制司法程序以及行政法规定的缺失。在外国投资者与国家之间的争议中,投资者不能直接诉诸诉讼和仲裁,而是需要事前通知,再根据《缅甸投资法规》以及其他友好解决争端的适用通知采取相关措施。尽管《缅甸投资法规》规定了和解制度以及设立了有关的协调部门,但并没有规定具体的司法程序,因此有必要对这个机制的程序问题进行明确的规定。此外,缅甸没有任何关于行政复议和行政诉讼的法律,因此本篇论文的第一个尝试是促进国内机制设立必要的程序和颁布相关法律法规,并推动其执行。对于外国投资者与国家争端解决机制而言,仲裁机制可以适用,但是缅甸虽然承认临时仲裁机制却没有设立任何仲裁机构,也没有具体规定仲裁员资格。因此,本文的第二个尝试是在法律中具体规定仲裁员资格,并在缅甸建立仲裁机构。不仅是国内方面,在国际方面推行外国投资者与国家争端解决机制也是有必要的。首先,缅甸不是《解决投资争端国际中心公约》的成员,而《投资争端解决中心公约》是外国投资者与国家争端解决机制的重要公约,对国家和投资者都是有利的。大部分国家都加入了该公约,在维护其境外投资的同时也促进了国家争端解决机制的发展。加入投资争端解决中心也是缅甸投资机制的升级,特别是在外国投资者和国家争端解决机制方面。因此,本篇论文的第三个尝试是建议缅甸加入投资争端解决中心。目前缅甸只有12个双边投资条约,而且只有6个双边投资条约生效。双边投资条约和争端解决机制的相关条款都有利于促进和保护国家外资,订立更多的双边投资保护协定有利于促进外资的发展和国家争端解决机制。因此,本篇论文的最后一个尝试是提出更多的双边投资条约。在外国投资者和缅甸国家争端解决机制的建议和鼓励下,缅甸已经在借鉴中国的经验。因为中国国内引进了很多投资却极少出现外国投资者与国家间的争端,这一点对缅甸借鉴中国经验来说非常重要。此外,中国十分强调和平解决机制并且其国内机制也很完善,因此研究中国经验有利于发展缅甸外国投资者与国家争端解决机制。
Shirley Ayangbah[10]（2018）在《国际投资法与可持续发展集成-加纳矿业投资法对我国的启示》文中提出加纳共和国已经批准了全球性条约,包括人权条约,国际环境条约和其他支持外国投资应促进可持续发展观点的条约。加纳共和国采矿业当代国际投资法与遵守社会和环境保护可持续发展措施是否相一致还不确定,可持续发展赤字是否已确定也存在不确定性。即使可持续赤字已确定,“国际投资法与可持续发展”是否可能在实践中相一致尚不明确。研究发现这些不确定性对于加纳外国投资计划的未来至关重要,特别是在采矿业。目前,关于这个问题的实证研究很少或根本没有,在没有实证研究的情况下,不能肯定地指出国际投资。“国际投资法”作为推动可持续发展的工具的不确定性引起了这项工作。因此,该研究试图确定可持续发展的概念是否应纳入国际投资法,如何纳入国际投资法,并如何影响加纳矿业投资法律。决定签署后预测到投资条约在以国家形式签署国内监管决定方面扮演着越来越重要的角色,特别是在像加纳这样的发展中国家。寻求可持续发展在扩大和发展这一投资条约制度方面发挥了至关重要的作用。一国提高其可持续发展概率和海外投资功能的令人满意的方式的解释有多种理论表达,包括古典货币,依附和中间道路理论。本文认为,加纳促进可持续发展方面的责任在宪法和首选的世界性法律下非常重要,因为政府权力必须在宪法范围内促进人民福利。
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| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| INTRODUCTION |
| 1. Background |
| 1.1 The reason for choosing the topic |
| 1.2 Definition of ship's garbage |
| 1.3 The amount of garbage from ships |
| 1.4 The impact of garbage from ships |
| 1.5 International and regional treaties to combat with plastic from ships |
| 1.6 The significance of the prevention of marine pollution by garbage fromships |
| 1.7 The role of law on the prevention of marine environmental pollution bygarbage from ships in Vietnam |
| 2. Literature review |
| 2.1 Foreign studies related to the prevention of marine pollution caused bygarbage from ships |
| 2.2 Vietnamese studies related to the prevention of marine pollution caused bythe ship’s garbage |
| 2.3 Comments |
| 3. Objectives of the study |
| 4. Methodologies of study |
| 5. The structure of the study |
| CHAPTER 1 CURRENT STATUS OF VIETNAMESE LAWS ON THE PREVENTIONAND CONTROL OF MARINE POLLUTION BY GARBAGE FROM SHIPS |
| 1.1 Frame structure of laws relating to marine pollution by garbage from ships |
| 1.1.1 Basic laws |
| 1.1.2 The regulations |
| 1.1.3 The standards |
| 1.2 Problems exist in the Vietnam's current laws |
| 1.3 Orientation to perfect Vietnamese laws |
| 1.3.1 The necessity to improve Vietnamese laws |
| 1.3.2 Requirements to improve Vietnamese laws |
| 1.3.3 Directions to improve the law of Vietnam |
| 1.4 Chapter summaries |
| CHAPTER 2 REGULATIONS OF UNCLOS 1982 ON PREVENTING MARINEPOLLUTION BY GARBAGE FROM SHIPS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INCOUNTRIES |
| 2.1 History of UNCLOS 1982 |
| 2.2 The regulations of UNCLOS 1982 on preventing marine pollution by garbagefrom ships |
| 2.3 Comparition of participation and implementation of UNCLOS 1982 incountries |
| 2.3.1 Comparition of participation of UNCLOS 1982 in countries |
| 2.3.2 Implementation of UNCLOS 1982 in countries |
| 2.4 Chapter summaries |
| CHAPTER 3 REGULATIONS OF MARPOL 73/78 ON PREVENTING MARINEPOLLUTION BY GARBAGE FROM SHIPS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INCOUNTRIES |
| 3.1 History of MARPOL 73/78 |
| 3.2 The regulations of MARPOL 73/78 for the prevention and control of pollutionby garbage from ships |
| 3.3 Comparition of participation and implementation of Annex V MARPOL 73/78in countries |
| 3.3.1 Implementation of Annex V MARPOL 73/78 in Vietnam |
| 3.3.2 Implementation of Annex V MARPOL 73/78 in China |
| 3.3.3 Implementation of Annex V MARPOL 73/78 in the United States |
| 3.3.4 Implementation of Annex V MARPOL 73/78 in Australia |
| 3.4 Chapter summaries |
| CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS OF LONDON CONVENTION 1972 AND ITSPROTOCOL ON PREVENTING MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTEAND OTHER MATTER FROM SHIPS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INCOUNTRIES |
| 4.1 History of the two ocean dumping treaties |
| 4.2 The regulations of London Convention and its Protocol on dumping of wastesand other matter |
| 4.3 Comparition of participation and implementation of London Convention 1972and its Protocol in countries |
| 4.3.1 The implementation of London Convention and its Protocol in China |
| 4.3.2 The implementation of London Convention in United States |
| 4.3.3 The implementation of London Convention and its Protocol in Australia |
| 4.4 Chapter summaries |
| CHAPTER 5 IMPRVOMENT VIETNAM LAWS ON PREVENTION OF MARINEENVIRONMENT POLLUTION CAUSED BY SHIP’S GARBAGE |
| 5.1 Update the current national laws, regulations and standards |
| 5.1.1 Update the current national laws |
| 5.1.2 Update the current national regulations |
| 5.1.3 Update the current national standards |
| 5.2 Strengthen the participation, implementation, and incorporation of InternationalConventions into Vietnam laws |
| 5.3 Create a new regulation on the prevention of marine pollution by the ship'sgarbage |
| 5.3.1 Principles of creating a new regulation on the prevention of marinepollution due to ship’s garbage |
| 5.3.2 Object, scope and applied principles of the new regulation |
| 5.3.3 Suggests a draft of regulation on marine pollution prevention by ship'sgarbage |
| 5.4 Chapter summaries |
| CONCLUSION |
| 1. Summaries and conclusion |
| 2. Contributions of the study |
| 3. Recommendation for further work |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDIX |
| AUTHOR'S RESUME AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS DURINGDOCTORAL DEGREE STUDY |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| CHINESE ABSTRACT |
| ABSTRACT |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. Background of the Study |
| 1.2. Why Compare Environmental Laws of Pakistan and China? |
| 1.3. Hypothesis |
| 1.4. Research Problem |
| 1.5. Research Question (s) |
| 1.6. Aims and Objectives of the Study |
| 1.7. Research Methodology |
| 1.8. The Significance and Scope of the Study |
| 1.9. Outline of the Thesis |
| CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK |
| 2.1. The Environment Law and International Law |
| 2.2. Environmental Policies and Criteria for its Evaluation |
| 2.3. The Development of International and Regional Environmental Laws |
| 2.4. Enforcement Mechanisms of Environmental Laws |
| 2.4.1. Enforcement Mechanism and its Different Kinds |
| 2.4.2. The United Nations and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 2.4.3. Environmental Law and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 2.4.4. Environmental Mechanisms and Policies in Pakistan |
| 2.4.5. China's Environmental Policies and Mechanisms |
| 2.5. Legal Challenges in Enforcing Environmental Laws Across the Boarders |
| 2.5.1. Transboundary Environmental Harm and Cluster-litigation |
| 2.5.2. Access to Domestic and Human Rights Courts |
| 2.5.3. Forums of Inter-state Claims |
| 2.5.4. Non-Judicial Fora |
| 2.5.5. Limited Scope of the Applicable Law |
| 2.6. A Need for Regional Legal Cooperation in Environmental Issus |
| 2.6.1. A Reference from other Regional Cooperation in Environmental Matters |
| 2.6.2. International Trade, International Law, and Environmental Concerns |
| 2.6.3. Legal Grounds of Bilateral Cooperation Concerning TransboundaryEnvironmental Issues |
| 2.6.4. Establishing a Close Connection between Environmental Protection and Trade |
| 2.6.5. Building National, Regional and Global Environmental Networks |
| 2.7. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND CURRENT PRACTICES INPAKISTAN |
| 3.1. Introduction |
| 3.2. Key Environmental Challenges and their Impacts in Pakistan |
| 3.2.1. An Era of Environmental Unawareness |
| 3.2.2. Issues Concerning Water Resources and Pollution |
| 3.2.3. Energy Issues and Current Situation in Pakistan |
| 3.2.4. Pollution and Waste Management |
| 3.2.5. Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management |
| 3.2.6. Transboundary Environmental Issues |
| 3.2.7. Climate Change and Variability |
| 3.2.8. EIA and Challenges Faced by Legal Consultants in Pakistan |
| 3.2.9. Climate Change Effects on Key Sectors of Pakistan |
| 3.3. National Environmental Priorities for Action in Pakistan |
| 3.3.1. Past Environmental Records |
| 3.3.2. Environment-Related Information Needs |
| 3.3.3. Key Environment(al) (Performance) Indicators |
| 3.3.4. Capacity Building for the Environment |
| 3.3.5. Social Action Project on Environment; Environmental Awareness andEducation |
| 3.3.6. Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project in Pakistan |
| 3.4. Environmental Policy, Legislative, and Institutional Frameworks in Pakistan |
| 3.4.1. Environmental Management Policies in Pakistan |
| 3.4.2. Establishment of Environmental Tribunals, Green Benches, and SustainableDevelopment Fund in Pakistan |
| 3.4.3. EIA in Pakistan |
| 3.4.4. Carbon Emissions Scheme in Pakistan |
| 3.5. Recommendations to Implement Environmental Policies More Efficiently |
| 3.5.1. Enhance and Facilitate the Environmental Education |
| 3.5.2. Provision of Basic Sanitation and Access to Clean Water for All |
| 3.5.3. Consider Energy Efficiency as Pivot of NEP |
| 3.5.4. Monitoring Urban Air Pollution |
| 3.5.5. Public-private Partnerships for Cleaner Production |
| 3.5.6. Emission Control and Trading Scheme |
| 3.5.7. Transboundary Environment Management |
| 3.6. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND CURRENT PRACTICES INCHINA |
| 4.1. Introduction |
| 4.2. Effects and Limitations of Environmental Challenges in China |
| 4.2.1. History of Environmental Pollution in China |
| 4.2.2. China's Environmental Health Challenges |
| 4.2.3. Impacts of Air Pollution in China |
| 4.2.4. Limitation of the Study of China's Environmental Regulatory System |
| 4.3. How Does China Treat Emissions? |
| 4.3.1. Emissions Targets |
| 4.3.2. Emission Trading Scheme in China |
| 4.3.3. The Chinese Certified Emission Reduction |
| 4.3.4. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification |
| 4.3.5. Environmental Impact Assessments in China |
| 4.3.6. Environmental Insurance |
| 4.4. Establishment of Environmental Courts and Ministries |
| 4.4.1. Establishment of Ministry of Environmental Protection |
| 4.4.2. Creation of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment |
| 4.4.3. Creation of Specialised Environmental Courts |
| 4.5. Measures Taken to Enforce Environmental Laws and Counter EnvironmentalChallenges |
| 4.5.1. Environmental Laws and Standards |
| 4.5.2. China's New Environmental Protection Law |
| 4.5.3. Environmental Regulatory Framework |
| 4.5.4. Environmental NGOs in China |
| 4.5.5. Environmental Police Force |
| 4.5.6. The Environmental Protection Tax Law |
| 4.6. Criticism and Recommendations |
| 4.6.1. No Tax on CO2 Emissions Included in the newly amended EPL |
| 4.6.2. No Punishment for the Government Personnel on Their Failure |
| 4.6.3. Key Failings of the SO_2 Emissions Trading Market |
| 4.6.4. How Can the New EPL Be Implemented Even Better? |
| 4.7. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION,ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS AND CURRENT PRACTICES IN CHINA ANDPAKISTAN |
| 5.1. Introduction |
| 5.2. Environmental Legislation and Enforcement Mechanisms in China |
| 5.2.1. Environmental Management Rules in China |
| 5.2.2. Public Interest Litigation in China |
| 5.2.3. The Chinese Institutional Setup and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 5.3. Environmental Legislation and Enforcement Mechanisms in Pakistan |
| 5.3.1. Existing Environmental Legislation |
| 5.3.2. Environmental related Institutions in Pakistan |
| 5.4. Transboundary Environmental Law in the Context of International Law |
| 5.4.1. Approaches to Customary International Law and Transboundary EnvironmentalHarms |
| 5.4.2. International Law and Pertinent Decisions of International Tribunals |
| 5.4.3. International Treaties and Protocols |
| 5.4.4. The Comparative Law Functions and its Relevance with InternationalEnvironmental Law |
| 5.4.5. From National to International--Topical Trends in Environmental Liabilityfrom Comparative and International Law Perspectives |
| 5.5. Comparative Discussion and Analysis |
| 5.5.1. Public Participation in Environmental Matters |
| 5.5.2. Environmental Impact Assessment System in China and Pakistan |
| 5.5.3. Carbon Emission Schemes in China |
| 5.5.4. Carbon Emissions Schemes in Pakistan |
| 5.5.5. Sustainable Development and the Role of ASEAN in the RegionalEnvironmental Law Perspective |
| 5.5.6. The Role of Judiciary in Environmental Matters in China and Pakistan |
| 5.5.7. Transboundary Environmental Issues and Pertinent (Regional) Legislation |
| 5.5.8. The Development of International and Regional Environmental Laws |
| 5.5.9. Increasing Consistency between Domestic Environmental Legislation andInternational Trade Law |
| 5.5.10. Legal Grounds of Bilateral Cooperation Concerning TransboundaryEnvironmental Issues |
| 5.5.11. Economic Concerns and Development of Environmental Laws |
| 5.5.12. Policy Transfer and Lesson Drawing--Legal Cooperation |
| 5.6. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 6.1. Concluding Remarks |
| 6.2. Recommendations |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| BOOKS |
| JOURNAL ARTICLES |
| OTHER RESOURCES |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| LIST OF ACADEMIC PAPERS PUBLISHED DURING THE COURSE OF A (PHD)DEGREE |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 |
| ABSTRACT |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter One: Introduction |
| 1.1 Background of the study |
| 1.2 Scope and objective of the research |
| 1.3 Statement of the Research Questions |
| 1.4 Significance of the research |
| 1.5 Potential Contributions |
| 1.6 Literature Review |
| 1.7 Methodology and structure of the thesis |
| Chapter Two: Water pollution versus the status of Sustainable development inEthiopia |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 The concept of sustainable development |
| 2.2.1 Agenda 21 |
| 2.2.2 Rio conference (Rio+20) |
| 2.3 The context of sustainable development in Ethiopia |
| 2.3.1 Sustainable development in the Ethiopian constitution |
| 2.3.2 Sustainable Development in the Ethiopia’s Environmental Policy |
| 2.3.3 Sustainable Development in the Ethiopian Environmental Laws |
| 2.4 The balance of Economic development and environmental protection |
| 2.4.1 Water pollution controls in development plans |
| 2.5 Water pollution in National Perspective |
| 2.5.1 Water pollution definition |
| 2.5.2 Major water pollutants in Ethiopia |
| 2.5.3 the volume of Water pollution in Ethiopia |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendation |
| Chapter Three: Analysis of the legal and institutional framework for water pollutioncontrol in Ethiopia Vs. Thailand |
| A. Legislative framework |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Historical development |
| 3.3 Rationale for water Pollution control |
| 3.3.1 the right to a clean and healthy environment |
| 3.4 Water Pollution control in Ethiopia and Thailand law |
| 3.4.1 Environmental standards |
| 3.4.2 Public interest litigation |
| 3.4.3 Environmental crimes |
| 3.4.4 Water discharge permit and Incentives for pollution control |
| 3.4.5 The Polluter pays principle |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendation |
| B. Institutional framework |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Federal Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia (FEPA) vs. Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment of Thailand |
| 3.3 Regional Environmental Agencies |
| 3.4 Legal remedies for water pollution |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendations |
| Chapter Four: Water pollution controls: the cases of Addis Ababa river basins and Taihu River Basin in China |
| A. Addis Ababa river basins |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Backgrounds and the extent of water pollution at the case study |
| 4.3 Major potential pollutants of the River |
| 4.3.1 Industrial sources |
| 4.3.2 Municipal solid and liquid wastes |
| 4.3.3 Medical wastes |
| 4.4 Impacts of water pollutions at the case study |
| 4.5 The status of Environmental permitting |
| 4.6 Bottlenecks for water pollution control at the case study |
| 4.7 Water pollution in Taihu River Basin |
| 4.7.1 Background |
| 4.7.2 Causes of the pollution |
| 4.7.3 Measures taken to control the pollution |
| 4.8 International laws and customs governing water resources |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendations |
| Chapter Five: public participation and access to information in water pollution control |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Rationale and justification of public participation and access to information |
| 5.3 Analysis of the status of public participation and access to information in theinternational legal framework |
| 5.4 Approaches for an effective public participation |
| 5.4.1 Process oriented effectiveness Approach |
| 5.4.2 Result-oriented effectiveness Approach |
| 5.4.3 Hybrid-oriented effectiveness approach |
| 5.5 Main Actors in public participation |
| 5.5.1 Affected community |
| 5.5.2 Media |
| 5.5.3 Environmental NGOs |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendations |
| Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendation |
| 6.1 Conclusion |
| 6.2 The way Forward |
| References |
| Acknowledgement |
| Resume |
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Abbreviations |
| Chapter Ⅰ: The Introduction |
| 1.1 Thesis Layout |
| 1.2 Background of Problem |
| 1.3 Statement of Problem |
| 1.4 Objective of Stud |
| 1.5 Hypothesis |
| 1.6 Literature Review |
| 1.7 Significant of the Study |
| 1.8 Research Methodology |
| Chapter Ⅱ: Oil and Gas Sector Historical Review in Tanzania |
| Part Ⅰ: Political Economic history |
| Part Ⅱ: Exploration Legal History |
| Part Ⅲ: Analysis of Oil and Gas Laws in Tanzania |
| 2.3.1 Primary Laws in Oil and Gas Investment |
| 2.3.1.1 Constitution |
| 2.3.1.2 Petroleum Act |
| 2.3.1.3 Oil and Gas Revenue Management Act |
| 2.3.1.4 Tanzania Extractive Industries (Transparency and Accountability) Act |
| 2.3.2 Secondary laws in Oil and Gas Investment |
| 2.3.2.1 Social Security Regulatory Authority Act |
| 2.3.2.2 Environmental Management Act |
| 2.3.2.3 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act |
| 2.3.2.4 Workers Compensation Act |
| 2.3.2.5 Non Citizen (Employment Regulations) Act |
| 2.3.2.6 Immigration Act |
| Part Ⅳ Oil and Gas Tanzania |
| 2.4.1 Oil and Gas Production Chain |
| 2.4.2 Oil and Gas Institutions |
| 2.4.2.1 Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and National Oil Company (NOC) |
| 2.4.2.2 Petroleum Upstream Regulatory Authority (PURA) |
| 2.4.2.3 Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) |
| 2.4.2.4 Oil and Gas Institutions Overview |
| 2.4.3 Role of Government in Upstream Oil and Gas Investment Activities in Tanzania |
| 2.4.3.1 Government as Trustee |
| 2.4.3.2 Government as Regulator |
| 2.4.3.3 Government as Supervisor |
| 2.4.3.4 Government as a Part in Oil and Gas Activities |
| 2.4.3.5 Roles of Government Overview |
| Chapter Ⅲ: Oil and Gas Contract |
| Part Ⅰ: Brief Introduction of Forms of Investment Contract in Tanzania |
| 3.1.1 Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania Overview |
| Part Ⅱ: Upstream Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania Overview |
| 3.2.1 Contractual Models |
| 3.2 1.1 Concession |
| 3.2.1.2 License in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.3 Production Sharing Agreements (PSA) Overview |
| 3.2.1.4 Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.5 Joint Venture Overview |
| 3.2.1.6 Joint Venture in Tanzania |
| 3.2.1.7 Service Contract Overview |
| 3.2.1.8 Service Contract in Tanzania |
| Part Ⅲ: Current Situation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract |
| Chapter Ⅳ: Formation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract |
| Part Ⅰ: Formation and Existence of Contract |
| 4.1.1 Negotiation of Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.1.1.1 Negotiation of Oil and Gas Investment Contract in Tanzania |
| 4.1.2 Drafting of Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.1.2.1 Drafting in Tanzania |
| 4.1.3 Management of Oil and Gas Contract |
| Part Ⅱ: Roles of the Parties in Oil and Gas Contract Overview |
| 4.2.1 Roles of Tanzania Government in Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.2.1.1 Management of Natural Resources |
| 4.2.1.2 Government as Supervisor |
| 4.2.1.3 Government as Part in Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.2.2 Roles of Investors in Upstream Oil and Gas Activities Overview |
| 4.2.2.1 Provide Guarantee |
| 4.2.2.2 Provide Discovery Information |
| 4.2.2.3 Pay Tax |
| 4.2.2.4 Propose to the Government Take off Procedure |
| 4.2.2.5 To Furnish Necessary Information to TPDC |
| 4.2.2.6 Develop Internal Management Systems that Comply With the Act |
| 4.2.2.7 Insure Operation Risks |
| 4.2.2.8 Analyze Risks |
| 4.2.2.9 Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment |
| 4.2.2.10 Abide with Terms |
| Part Ⅲ Contractual Liability of Parties on Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.3.1 Effect of Contractual Liability in Stability and Revenue Capture |
| 4.3.2 Choice of Law in Handling Oil and Gas Contractual Issues in Tanzania |
| 4.3.3 Judicial Protection of Parties to Oil and Gas Contract |
| 4.3.4 Enforcement of the Oil and Gas Claims |
| Chapter Ⅴ Analysis of Contractual Provisions |
| Part Ⅰ Contractual Provisions Analysis |
| 5.1.1 Risk Assessment Provisions |
| 5.1.2 Guarantee of Performance of Obligations |
| 5.1.3 Stability Clause |
| Part Ⅱ Challenges Faces Oil and Gas Investment Contract Tanzania |
| 5.2.1 Specific Challenges |
| 5.2.1.1 Contractual Provisions not Addressing all Legal Risks |
| 5.2.1.2 Lack of Negotiation Guidelines |
| 5.2.1.3 Contractual Terms do not Guarantee Security of Tenure |
| 5.2.1.4 Lack of Management Mechanism for Contract Performance |
| 5.2.1.5 Lack of Clarifications in Some Provisions of Contract |
| 5.2.2 General Challenges |
| 5.2.2.1 Lack of Expertise |
| 5.2.2.2 Lack of Sufficient Investment Capital |
| 5.2.2.3 Lack of Transparency |
| 5.2.2.4 Lack of Public Participation |
| 5.2.2.5 Conflicting Roles of Government |
| 5.2.2.6 Lack of Sector Management Mechanism, (Inter-Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation) |
| 5.2.2.7 Political Influence |
| 5.2.3 China Future Investment to Tanzania |
| Chapter Ⅵ Conclusion and Recommendations |
| 6.1 Conclusion |
| 6.2 Recommendations |
| References |
| Books and Journal Articles |
| Table of Cases |
| Statute and Soft Laws |
| Books and Journal Articles |
| News Reports |
| Condition of Publications |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Abbreviations |
| 1. Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.2 Problem of Statement |
| 1.3 Significance of the Study |
| 1.4 Literature Review |
| 1.5 Research Objective and Questions |
| 1.6 Research Methodology |
| 1.7 Theoretical Framework |
| 2. Maritime Security and Illegal, Unregulated,Unreported (IUU) Fishing |
| 2.1 Defining Maritime Security |
| 2.2 Overview of the International Sea Area |
| 2.3 Foreign Ships in International Law Term |
| 2.4 Foreign Ships in Indonesian Law Term |
| 2.5 Illegal,Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) Fishing |
| 3. Regulation Of Illegal Fishing In Terms Of Indonesian Law Perspective And Illegal Fishing In Indonesia |
| 3.1 Evolution of Fisheries Law in Indonesia |
| 3.2 Legal Basis for Regulating Illegal,Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing inIndonesia |
| 3.3 Potential of Indonesian Marine Wealth |
| 3.4 Indonesian Natural Resources Conservation |
| 3.5 The cause of Illegal,Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing in Indonesia |
| 3.6 The Damage due to IUU Fishing in Indonesia |
| 4. Indonesian Government Efforts Against IUU in Indonesia |
| 4.1 Indonesian Maritime Diplomacy Strategy |
| 4.2 Prevention and Eradication of Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU)Fishing in Indonesia |
| 4.3 Case Study of the Implementation of Illegal Fishing Foreign Ship SinkingPolicy by the Indonesian Ministry of Fisheries |
| 5. Conclusions and Recommendation |
| Conclusion |
| Recommendation |
| Acknowledgement |
| Bibliography |
| 中文摘录 |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Problematique and Research Question |
| 1.2 Research Justification |
| 1.2.1 The Role of Equity in the Law of International Watercourses |
| 1.2.2 The Role of Proportionality as an Element of Equity and the Law of International Watercourses |
| 1.3 Research Methodology and Outline of Dissertation |
| Chapter 2 Role of Equity in International Law |
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 2.2 The Concept, Nature and Development of Equity and Its Nexus withLaw and Justice |
| 2.2.1 The Concept of Equity |
| 2.2.2 Nature of Equity as Norm, Principle and Rule |
| 2.2.3 Background and Development of Equity in Municipal Legal Systemsand in International Law |
| 2.2.4 Equity and Its Nexus with Law and Justice |
| 2.3 Role of Equity in International Law |
| 2.3.1 Role of Equity in the Sources of International Law |
| 2.3.1.1 Article 38(l)(c) of The Statute of ICJ - General Principles of Law |
| 2.3.1.2 Article 38(2) of the Statute of ICJ - Ex Aequo et Bono |
| 2.3.2 Role of Equity as Corrective Justice |
| 2.3.2.1 Equity Infra Legem |
| 2.3.2.2 Equity Praetor Legem |
| 2.3.2.3 Equity Contra Legem |
| 2.3.3 Role of Equity as Fairness |
| 2.3.4 Role of Equity as Distributive Justice |
| 2.3.5 Role of Equity in the Allocation and Sharing of Resources andBenefits |
| 2.3.5.1 Role of Equity and Allocation of Resources and Benefits inInternational Treaty Practice |
| 2.3.5.2 Role of Equity and Allocation of Resources and Benefits in International Adjudications |
| 2.4 Conclusion |
| Chapter 3 Role of Equity tn the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 3.2 Historical and Theoretical Basts for the Allocation and Utilization of International Watercourses |
| 3.2.1 Absolute Territorial Sovereignty |
| 3.2.2 Absolute Territorial Integrity |
| 3.2.3 Limited Territorial Sovereignty/Equitable Utilization |
| 3.2.4 Common Management or Community of Interests |
| 3.3 Role of Equity as General Principle of Law of InternationalWatercourses |
| 3.3.1 Equitable Maxims and the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.3.2 The Equitable Principle of Unjust Enrichment |
| 3.3.3 The Equitable Principle of Estoppel, Good Faith and Notice |
| 3.3.4 The Equitable Principle of Laches |
| 3.3.5 The Equitable Principle of Acquiescence |
| 3.4 Role of Equity as the Substantive Rule of Apportionment ofInternational Watercourses |
| 3.4.1 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization of International Watercourses |
| 3.4.1.1 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization in the International CodificationEfforts and Treaties |
| 3.4.1.2 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization in Judicial Decisions |
| 3.4.1.3 Limitations and Criticism of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization |
| 3.4.2 Equitable Benefit Sharing in International Watercourses |
| 3.4.2.1 Origin of the Concept of Benefit Sharing |
| 3.4.2.2 Equitable Benefit Sharing and the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.4.2.3 Legal Basis of Equitable Benefit Sharing in the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.4.2.4 Practice of Benefit Sharing in International Watercourses |
| 3.4.2.5 Challenges to Equitable Benefit Sharing |
| 3.4.3 Equitable Participation in International Watercourses |
| 3.5 Role of Equity in the Procedural Obligations of the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.5.1 Equity and the Duty to Exchange Information |
| 3.5.2 Equity and the Duty to Notify |
| 3.5.3 Equity and the Duty to Consult and Negotiate |
| 3.6 Role of Equity in the Elaboration of Other Rules and Obligations of the Law of International Watercourses |
| 3.6.1 Equity and the Obligation to Prevent Significant Harm |
| 3.6.2 Equity and the Duty to Cooperate |
| 3.6.3 Equity and Joint Watercourse Institutions |
| 3.6.4 Equity and Settlement of Watercourse Disputes |
| 3.6.5 Equity and Sustainable Utilization of International Watercourses |
| 3.6.6 Equity and Human Right to Water |
| 3.6.7 Equity and Environmental Protection of International Watercourses |
| 3.7 Conclusion |
| Chapter 4 Role of Proportionality as an Element of Equity in the Law ofInternational Watercourses |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Proportionality, Equity and International Law |
| 4.2.1 Origin and Evolution of Proportionate Justice |
| 4.2.2 Factual and Legal Possibilities of Proportionality |
| 4.2.3 Application of Proportionality in International Law |
| 4.2.3.1 Application in Natural Resources Allocation and Protection |
| 4.2.3.2 Application in Other Areas of International Law |
| 4.2.3.3 How the Role of Proportionality in the Law of International Watercourses is Different from Its Role in Other Areas of International Law |
| 4.3 Role of Proportionality in the Law of International Watercourses |
| 4.3.1 Role of Proportionality in Balancing the Factors Regarding Equitableand Reasonable Utilization of International Watercourses |
| 4.3.1.1 Geographic, Hydrographic, Hydrological and Other Natural Factors |
| 4.3.1.2 Social and Economic Needs of the Watercourse States |
| 4.3.1.3 The Population Dependent on the Watercourse and the Availability ofAlternatives to Planned or Existing Use |
| 4.3.1.4 The Effects of the Use of the Watercourse |
| 4.3.1.5 Existing and Potential Uses of the Watercourse |
| 4.3.1.6 Conservation, Protection, Development and Economy of Use of theWatercourse |
| 4.3.1.7 Preferences among Different Needs of the Watercourse States andProportionality |
| 4.3.2 Role of Proportionality in Equitable Benefit Sharing in InternationalWatercourses |
| 4.3.3 Role of Proportionality in Equitable Participation in International Watercourses |
| 4.4 Conclusion |
| Chapter 5 Conclusion |
| 5.1 Importance of the Study |
| 5.2 Some Observations from the Study |
| 5.3 Limitations of the Study and Scope for Further Research |
| Bibliography |
| Acknowledgement |
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| List of Treaties |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT |
| 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS & RESEARCH QUESTION |
| 1.2.1 Uncertainty and Confusion Regarding the Legal Status of SDTClauses |
| 1.2.2 Lack of Implementation and Problem of Enforceability |
| 1.2.3 Problem of Defining and Differentiation of "DevelopingCountries" |
| 1.2.4 Reinforcing the SDT Clauses |
| 1.2.5. Legal Instability of Preferential Schemes |
| 1.3 RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION |
| 1.3.1 Fuller Participation and Integration |
| 1.3.2 Fostering Substantial Equality among States |
| 1.3.3 Maximizing Sustainable Development |
| 1.3.4 The'Level Playing Field':Policy Space and Flexibility amongNations |
| 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & CHAPTER OUTLINE |
| CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION AND ASSESSMENT OF SDT CLAUSES IN GATT ANDWTO |
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 2.2 ACKNOWLEDGING DIFFERENCES AND IMBALANCES: THE CREATION OF THESDT TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES(1947-1995) |
| 2.2.1 Havana Charter |
| 2.2.2 GATT Article ⅩⅧ:Government Assistance to EconomicDevelopment |
| 2.2.3 GATT Part Ⅳ: The Effective Bifurcation of GATT Disciplines |
| 2.2.4 The Generalized System of Preference |
| 2.2.5 Tokyo Round:Emerging International Law of Development |
| 2.2.5.1 Establishing a New International Economic Order |
| 2.2.5.2 The Enabling Clause |
| 2.2.6 The Change of SDT during the Uruguay Round, 1986-1995 |
| 2.3 STATUS OF SDT CLAUSES IN POST URUGUAY ERA NEGOTIATIONS:SINGAPORE TO BUENOS AIRES MINISTERIAL(1996-2017) |
| 2.3.1 Singapore to Seattle Ministerial(1996-2000) |
| 2.3.2 Doha Ministerial Conference and the Development Round |
| 2.3.3 China's Accession in WTO:Reshaped the Power Structure inWTO |
| 2.3.4 Hong Kong Ministerial to Nairobi Ministerial Declaration |
| 2.3.5 Bali Outcome:WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation |
| 2.3.6 Nairobi Package:"Historic Package for Africa and Rest of theWorld" |
| 2.3.7 Buenos Aires Ministerial:Chasing Development Paradigm |
| 2.4 CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPERIENCES WITH SDTCLAUSES IN WTO AGREEMENTS |
| 2.4.1 Increased of Trade Opportunities/Market Access |
| 2.4.2 Provision to Safeguard the Interest of Developing Countries |
| 2.4.3 Flexibility of Commitments |
| 2.4.4 Transition Periods |
| 2.4.5 Technical Assistance |
| 2.4.6 SDT clauses for LDCs Members |
| 2.5 EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES:CURRENT PRACTICES |
| 2.6 QUESTING LEGAL AND ECONOMICAL RATIONALE OF SDT CLAUSES |
| 2.7 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES AND RULES ESTABLISHING STANDARD FOR SDTCLAUSES IN WTO |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 3.2 COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT:PRINCIPLES AND RULES OFCOOPERATION FOR SDT CLAUSES |
| 3.2.1 Definition of Cooperation |
| 3.2.2 Cooperation within the Framework of the United Nations |
| 3.2.3 Mainstreaming Development: Cooperation for SDT Clauses inWTO |
| 3.2.3.1 The Duty to Cooperate for Development |
| 3.2.3.2 Right to Development |
| 3.2.3.3 Community of Shared Future for Mankind |
| 3.3 EQUALITY OF STATES AND SOVEREIGN EQUALITY OF STATES:STANDARDFOR SDT CLAUSES IN WTO |
| 3.3.1 Equality of States |
| 3.3.2 Sovereign Equality of States |
| 3.3.3 Justifying Substantive Equality: Setting Standard for SDT Clausesin WTO |
| 3.3.3.1 Decision Making Process in WTO and SDT Clauses |
| 3.3.3.2 Common but Differentiated Responsibility and SDT Clauses |
| 3.3.3.3 Sustainable Development Goals and Removing Inequality |
| 3.4 EQUITY AND EQUITABLE BENEFITS: ROLE OF EQUITY IN INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT LAW |
| 3.4.1 Evolution of the Concept of Equity |
| 3.4.2 Equity and SDT Clauses in WTO: Fundamental Connections |
| 3.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 4 MECHANISMS TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES IN WTOLEGAL SYSTEM |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 4.2 ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES IN TILE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM |
| 4.2.1 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the GATTAgreements |
| 4.2.2 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the TraditionalArea of WTO Agreements |
| 4.2.2.1 Agreement on Agriculture |
| 4.2.2.2 Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPSAgreement) and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTAgreement) |
| 4.2.2.3 Agreement on Textile and Clothing |
| 4.2.2.4 Agreement on Implementation of Article Ⅶ of the GATT1994 |
| 4.2.2.5 Agreement on Import Licensing Procedure |
| 4.2.2.6 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures |
| 4.2.2.7 Agreement on Safeguards |
| 4.2.2.8 The Dispute Settlement Understanding |
| 4.2.2.9 Article on Implementation of Article Ⅵ (Anti-Dumping) of theGATT 1994 |
| 4.2.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of SDT Clauses in the New Area ofWTO Agreements |
| 4.2.3 1 GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services |
| 4.2.3.2 Trade-Related Investment Measures(TRIMS) |
| 4.2.3.3 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPS) |
| 4.3 MECHANISMS TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW |
| 4.3.1 Theoretical Overview of "Effectiveness" |
| 4.3.2 Assessing Effectiveness:Theories in International Law |
| 4.3.3 Models and Approaches to Measure Effectiveness |
| 4.3.4 Mechanism to Improve Effectiveness |
| 4.4 INTERPRETATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH "OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE" OFLAW |
| 4.4.1 'Effectiveness'as a Function of Interpretation |
| 4.4.1.1 "Effectiveness" in International Courts and Tribunals |
| 4.4.1.2 The WTO and Practiced Rules of Interpretation |
| 4.4.2 Interpretation of SDT Clauses:General Policy Aspiration |
| 4.4.2.1 Resolving Imbalance:Differentiation among Countries |
| 4.4.2.2 Removing Unfreedom for Development: Concept of PolicySpace |
| 4.4.2.3. SDT Clauses in Preferential Trade Agreement:Multilateralized Regionalism |
| 4.5 THE ROLE OF LEGITIMACY IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SDT CLAUSES INWTO REGIME |
| 4.5.1 Role of Legitimacy in the Effectiveness of Law |
| 4.5.2 Legitimacy as a Right Process: Strategies for DevelopingCountries |
| 4.6 GUIDELINE OF FACTUAL BEHAVIOR: COMPLIANCE |
| 4.6.1 Theories of Compliance |
| 4.6.2 Managerial approach |
| 4.6.3 Acceptable level of compliance for Effectiveness of SDT Clauses |
| 4.6.3.1 Removing Ambiguity and Indeterminacy in Treaty Language |
| 4.6.3.2 Capacity Building and Technical Assistance |
| 4.7 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER 5 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION |
| 5.1 ESTABLISHING THE SDT CLAUSES AS A MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPMENT |
| 5.1.1 Towards a New Pathway |
| 5.1.1.1 Framework Convention Pathway |
| 5.1.1.2. Plurilateral Agreement Pathway |
| 5.1.1.3 Soft Law Pathway |
| 5.1.1.4 A middle Way: Blending and Sequencing the Pathways |
| 5.1.2 Policy Space and Acceptable Level of Compliance forParticipation |
| 5.1.2.1 Striking a Balance |
| 5.1.2.2 Interpreting or Modifying Arrangements |
| 5.1.2.3 New Mechanism: Monitoring and a Framework |
| 5.1.2.4 TPRM: For Achieving Greater Transparency |
| 5.1.3 Multilateral Regionalism PTA |
| 5.1.4 Preferential South-South Trade: The Role of AdvancedDeveloping Countries |
| 5.1.5 EU Proposes WTO Reform in Response to US Deadlock |
| 5.2 FURTHER RESEARCH |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| 内容摘要 |
| abstract |
| Abbreviations |
| Preface |
| Chapter 1 Political and Legal Systems Relating to Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar |
| 1.1 Introduction |
| 1.2 Political Systems in Myanmar |
| 1.2.1 Political System in Myanmar (1948-1987) |
| 1.2.2 Political System in Myanmar (1988-2010) |
| 1.2.3 Political System in Myanmar after 2011 |
| 1.3 Current Economic System in Myanmar |
| 1.4 Legal System in Myanmar |
| 1.4.1 Legal System in Myanmar before Independence (1948) |
| 1.4.2 Legal System in Myanmar after Independence (1948) |
| 1.4.3 Relation between Domestic law and International Law |
| 1.4.4 Application of Dualistic Theory |
| 1.4.5 Current Legislation System in Myanmar |
| 1.4.6 Current Executive System in Myanmar |
| 1.4.7 Current Judicial System in Myanmar |
| 1.5 Conclusion |
| Chapter 2 Sources of Laws relating to Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Substantive Laws of FDI |
| 2.2.1 Myanmar Foreign Investment Law 1988 |
| 2.2.2 Myanmar Foreign Investment Law 2012 |
| 2.2.3 Myanmar Investment Law 2016 |
| 2.3 Other Laws relating to FDI |
| 2.3.1 The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2008 |
| 2.3.2 Myanmar Company Law |
| 2.3.3 Myanmar Special Company Act |
| 2.3.4 Myanmar Arbitration Law |
| 2.3.5 State Owned Economic Enterprises Law |
| 2.3.6 Special Economic Zone Law |
| 2.3.7 Labor Laws in Myanmar |
| 2.4 Regulations and Notifications of Concerned Ministries |
| 2.5 Provisions in Investment Treaties |
| 2.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter 3 Governmental Agencies relating to Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Myanmar Investment Commission |
| 3.3 Directorate of the Investment and Company Administration |
| 3.4 The relevant Region or State Investment Committees |
| 3.5 Other Agencies |
| 3.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter 4 Legal Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment in Myanmar |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Definition of Investor and Investment |
| 4.3 Establishment of Company in Myanmar |
| 4.4 Submitting Proposal for Permit to the Myanmar Investment Commission |
| 4.5 Submitting the Endorsement Application to the Myanmar Investment Commission or the Relevant Regional Investment Committee |
| 4.6 Form of Investment |
| 4.6.1 Sole Investment |
| 4.6.2 Joint Venture |
| 4.7 Participation Ratio |
| 4.8 Dispute Mechanism in Myanmar Investment Law 2016 |
| 4.9 Conclusion |
| Chapter 5 Legal Rights for Foreign Investors in Myanmar |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Main Rights for Foreign Investors |
| 5.2.1 Investment Treatments |
| 5.2.2 Tax Exemption |
| 5.2.3 Non-Nationalization on Assets |
| 5.2.4 Right to Distribute Goods in the Local Market |
| 5.2.5 Right to Use Land |
| 5.2.6 Right to Bring Foreign Currency |
| 5.2.7 Right to Transfer Foreign Currency |
| 5.3 Conclusion |
| Chapter 6 Legal Duties for Foreign Investors in Myanmar |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Insurance |
| 6.3 Land Use |
| 6.4 Environmental Protection |
| 6.5 Transfer of Shares |
| 6.6 Systematic Transfer of High Technology |
| 6.7 Appointment of Staff and Worker |
| 6.8 Other Duties |
| 6.9 Conclusion |
| Chapter 7 The Outcomes of Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment Laws |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Advantages for Foreign Investors |
| 7.2.1 Resources for Investment |
| 7.2.2 Supporting of Government |
| 7.3 Advantages for Myanmar |
| 7.4 Legal Difficulties for Foreign Investors |
| 7.5 Legal Difficulties for Myanmar |
| 7.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter 8 Reform of Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment Laws |
| 8.1 Introduction |
| 8.2 Reform on Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment Laws under World Trade Organization’s Framework |
| 8.3 Reform on Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment Laws under Myanmar’s Bilateral Investment Treaties and Free Trade Areas |
| 8.4 Reform on Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment Laws by Referring of related Chinese Foreign Direct Investment Laws |
| 8.5 Conclusion |
| Epilogue |
| Bibliography |
| Publication |
| Acknowledgement |
| 内容摘要 |
| abstract |
| Abbreviations |
| Preface |
| Chapter 1 The dynamics of foreign investment and current investment law in Myanmar |
| 1.1 Historical development of foreign direct investment in Myanmar |
| 1.2 Current situation of foreign investment in Myanmar |
| 1.2.1 Investment by sector |
| 1.2.2 Investment by country |
| 1.2.3 Future investment opportunities |
| 1.2.4 Special Economic Zones |
| 1.3 Legal hierarchy in Myanmar and Myanmar Investment Law |
| 1.4 Current Investment Law in Myanmar |
| 1.5 Conclusion |
| Chapter 2 Domestic mechanisms for foreign investor-state dispute settlement in Myanmar |
| 2.1 Historical development of foreign investor-state dispute settlement mechanism and relevant case |
| 2.2 Myanmar Investment Law for foreign investor-state dispute settlement mechanism |
| 2.2.1 Litigation |
| 2.2.2 Arbitration |
| 2.3 The issues of domestic mechanism |
| 2.4 The solution for domestic mechanism |
| 2.5 Conclusion |
| Chapter 3 International mechanisms for foreign investor-state dispute settlement in Myanmar |
| 3.1 An overview of current international mechanisms |
| 3.2 Mechanism in Myanmar BITs |
| 3.3 Mechanism in ASEAN Investment Agreements |
| 3.4 The issue of Myanmar’s international mechanism |
| 3.5 The solution for Myanmar’s international mechanism |
| 3.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter 4 Comparison between foreign investor-state dispute settlements mechanism in China and Myanmar |
| 4.1 Chinese mechanism at domestic level |
| 4.1.1 Administrative reconsideration mechanism |
| 4.1.2 Administrative Litigation mechanism |
| 4.1.3 Arbitration Mechanism |
| 4.1.4 Draft Law of Foreign Investment |
| 4.2 Chinese mechanism at international level |
| 4.2.1 The mechanism in Chinese Model BIT |
| 4.2.2 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in China |
| 4.3 Comparison between foreign investor-state dispute settlement mechanism in China and Myanmar |
| 4.4 Conclusion |
| Chapter 5 The Way Forward and Conclusion |
| 5.1 Suggestion for Myanmar government at domestic level |
| 5.1.1 To improve the domestic procedures |
| 5.1.2 To improve the arbitration system |
| 5.2 Suggestion for Myanmar government at international level |
| 5.2.1 To access the ICSID Convention |
| 5.2.2 To conclude more bilateral investment treaties |
| 5.3 Conclusion |
| Epilogue |
| Bibliography |
| Publications |
| Acknowledgement |
| Abstract 摘要 Acknowledgement Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.1.1 Problem Statement |
| 1.1.2 Research Main Objectives |
| 1.1.3 Research Question |
| 1.1.4 Significance of the Study |
| 1.2 Literature review |
| 1.3 Research Methodology |
| 1.3.1 Research Design |
| 1.3.2 Sources of Data |
| 1.3.2.1 Primary Data |
| 1.3.2.2 Secondary Data |
| 1.3.3 Data Collection Instrument |
| 1.3.4 Data Analysis Technique |
| 1.4 Theoretical Framework |
| 1.5 Research Innovation Chapter 1:The Relationship between International Investment Law and the Concept of SustainableDevelopment |
| 1.1 Introduction to Sustainable Development and the right to development |
| 1.1.1 Sustainable Development as a Principle |
| 1.1.2 Sustainable development in international politics |
| 1.1.3 Sustainable Development in International Law |
| 1.2 Problems regulating foreign investors and the ownership of multinational corporations |
| 1.2.1 Shortcomings in international law |
| 1.2.2 Shortcomings in investors country and national law of host country |
| 1.2.3 Investment protection and Investor-state tribunals |
| 1.3 The principle of Sustainable Development and other Institutions |
| 1.3.1 Sustainable Development and International organizations |
| 1.3.2 Berlin Sustainability Directive in the Mining Sector |
| 1.4 Mining Status in Ghana |
| 1.4.1 Sustainable Development and National Law |
| 1.4.2 Sustainable Development and the duties of Ghana under International Law |
| 1.5 The Essence of international investment law |
| 1.5.1 Device to decrease Risk |
| 1.5.2 Device for inserting Rules |
| 1.5.3 Responsibility of an international investor |
| 1.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 2:Foreign Direct Investment in the Mining Industry of Ghana |
| 2.1 Overview of the Minerals and Mining Sector of Ghana |
| 2.1.1 The actors of the mining industry |
| 2.1.2 Structural organization of the mining industry in Ghana |
| 2.1.3 Advantages of the mining industry |
| 2.2 The mining industry in the development of the world |
| 2.3 Sustainable Development in Mining |
| 2.4 Mineral Policies in Ghana |
| 2.4.1 Impacts of Economic regulations on Mining in Ghana |
| 2.4.2 Regulatory Framework of the Mining Sector |
| 2.5 Contribution of the Mining Industry to the Ghanaian Economy |
| 2.5.1 FDI Flows, Sources and Mineral Export Growth |
| 2.6 New challenges for mining companies |
| 2.7 Impacts of the Mining Sector on Economic Growth and Development of Ghana |
| 2.8 Environmental and Social Issues emanating from the Mining Investment: The Case ofTarkwa and Obuasi |
| 2.8.1 The Environment |
| 2.8.2 Land degradation |
| 2.8.3 Ecological biodiversity of the Mining Industry in Ghana |
| 2.9 Human right abuse in Mining Areas |
| 2.10 Health Conditions in mining Regions |
| 2.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 3:Significant Responsibilities of Host Countries with respect to Investor Protection and SustainableDevelopment in Ghana |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Investment protection standards and the regulation of the public interest in Ghana |
| 3.2.1 Investment Protection regulations in Ghana's Investment Treaties |
| 3.2.2 Obligations of the Government of Ghana towards the welfare of Ghanaians |
| 3.3 The process of entering into Foreign Investment Treaties in Ghana |
| 3.3.1 Laws of Ghana in Negotiating international Investment treaties |
| 3.3.2 Ghana's FDI Policies and investment treaties |
| 3.3.3 The Legal procedures in concluding Investment Agreements in Ghana |
| 3.3.4 The supremacy a Government |
| 3.4 The national law-International Investment Law Imperatives Theory |
| 3.4.1 The national law-International Investment Law |
| 3.4.2 The postulates of imperatives of national and international law on investment |
| 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4:Legal Foundation for Integrating Sustainable Development into International Investment Law |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Sustainability Assessment in Practice |
| 4.2.1 Impact of Sustainable Assessment in Ghana |
| 4.2.2 Components of an effectual Sustainability Evaluation/Assessment operation |
| 4.3 Evaluating the sustainability of International Investment Agreements or Arrangements |
| 4.3.1 The preventive rule |
| 4.3.2 The rule of Popular but distinguished obligations |
| 4.3.3 The Defiler suffers or pays rule |
| 4.4 Ways of Integrating Sustainable Development Principles into International Investment Law |
| 4.4.1 National institutions, regulations and laws serving as a tool to ensure foreign investorsabide with the concept sustainable development in the host country |
| 4.4.2 Integrating sustainable development into all International Investment Agreementsinvolving Ghana |
| 4.5 Responsibility of foreign investor to abide by the laws of the host country |
| 4.6 Responsibility of foreign investor to regard globally acknowledged rights for human beingsand initiate human rights appraisal |
| 4.7 Responsibility of foreign investors to abstain from the authorization of, or guiltiness in,serious human rights violations |
| 4.8 Responsibility of investors to abide by basic labour regulations |
| 4.9 Responsibility of foreign investors to abstain from guiltiness or acts of graft or bribery anddishonesty or corruption |
| 4.10 Chapter summary Chapter 5:Substantive Requirements Relating to Integrating Sustainable Development into InternationalInvestment Law |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Effects of Foreign Investment on Environment and Human Rights in Ghana |
| 5.3 The relationship between law and environmental rights |
| 5.4 IIA and Environmental Protection in Ghana |
| 5.4.1 Lawful Demands for the safety of Ghana's Environment |
| 5.4.2 The deferment, relinquishment and stoppage of Environmental License in Ghana |
| 5.4.2.1 Case Studies |
| 5.4.2.1.1 Clayton v Government of Canada |
| 5.4.2.1.2 Chemtura Corporation v Canada |
| 5.4.2.1.3 Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed SA v Mexico |
| 5.4.3 Prohibition of the export of dangerous substances to the environment |
| 5.5 Reconciling IIA with Environmental Laws and Regulations in Ghana |
| 5.5.1 The conclusion of investment treaties and the obligation to protect the environment |
| 5.5.2 The Interpretation of investment treaties and the obligation to protect the environment |
| 5.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 6:Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism Relating To the Integration of SustainableDevelopment into International Investment Law |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Contemporary International Investment Law and its Sustainable Deficits relating to disputesettlement Mechanism |
| 6.2.1 The judgment of Investment arbitral tribunals cannot be reviewed |
| 6.2.2 Every Country is in danger |
| 6.2.3 Conflicts usually involve large amounts of money |
| 6.2.4 Lawsuit in Sustainable Development are in very important spheres |
| 6.3 Overview of Dispute Settlement Processes |
| 6.3.1 The Right to International Arbitration in Ghana |
| 6.3.2 Investment Arbitration Conflict Involving Ghana |
| 6.4 Reforms towards the integration of sustainable development in Investor-State DisputeSettlement(ISDS) Mechanisms |
| 6.4.1 Encouraging alternative dispute resolution mechanisms |
| 6.4.2 Induction of legal proceeding |
| 6.4.3 Clarity or Transparency |
| 6.4.4 Third-party involvement |
| 6.4.5 Dependence upon national rectification |
| 6.4.6 International Investment legal proceeding authority |
| 6.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 7:Implications of Integrating Sustainable Development into Ghana BITS or other IIAs |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Investment treaties: vector of sustainable development |
| 7.2.1 Correlation between Investment Treaties and Sustainable Development |
| 7.2.2 Globalization, international relations and investment treaty policy of Ghana |
| 7.3 The Foreign Investment law investment Treaty Regime and Sustainable developmentcoverage in Ghana |
| 7.3.1 Economic and social policies targeted in Ghana |
| 7.3.2 Industrial Foreign Investment Policy |
| 7.3.3 Harmonizing Investment Protection and Industrial Policy Objectives |
| 7.4 Exchange Regulations under Ghana Investment Laws |
| 7.4.1 Capital Controls as a Tool for Development in Ghana |
| 7.4.2 Repatriation of foreign investment and capital regulation in Ghana |
| 7.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 8:Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations |
| 8.1 Summary of Findings |
| 8.2 Reconciling Standards of Investment Protection with sustainable Development in Ghana |
| 8.2.1 Mechanism for the conclusion of future investment Agreements |
| 8.2.2 Mechanism for Interpreting existing Investment Treaties |
| 8.3 Recommendation |
| 8.3.1 Conserving Environmental Regulatory Autonomy |
| 8.3.2 Promoting Sustainable Development Policy Autonomy |
| 8.4 Outlook for Further Research Bibliography List of Cases |
| Arbitral Cases |
| Public International Law Cases |
| Municipal Law Cases |
| List of Statutes and Regulations List of Treaties, Declarations and Resolutions |
